convincingly translates inscriptions out of the palace of Phaistos by using entirely Semitic. Assuming the language of Linear A creole of Pe­las­gian below a superstrat-Semitic there must have been people in this era before the 15th century bChr who still understood two or even three lan­gu­ages, where at best Pelasgian has died out outside some remote areas.
 Compare - even much later we find the survival of the nearly forgotten language *Vasconic as poems on the two Suebian runic carvings.
 T. Balistier lists two translations, besides Aartuns Semitic an Indo-European one, none of which he prefers. We believe in the Semitic-eroti­cal one be­cause it fits into the overall picture of the megalith-culture.

 cites the prehistory of Malta, especially the dating of stones by means of erosion, dating - roughly - the old­est ones back to an era be­tween 8000 and 6000 bChr and younger ones back to at least 3000 bChr.

 with an extensive bibliography on Slavic linguistic and genesis.

 mentions a non-Celtic, pre-Roman tribe Breuci in Northern Tirol and a peoples-name Breuni, parts of Indo-European tribes which he calls Ost­alpen­block from Switzerland to Pannonia. Here we identify them as descendants of the southern Brieger and skip the term Ost.
 🔸 Also eye-catching is the similarity of the names of the river and lake Tollense and the town of Tolenses at the knee of river Danube in Hungary [p 138. For the name of the river there are a Germanic and a Slavic etymology, but not for the town.
 🔸 Hence they are related and have to be derived from - not later than - Germanic.

 follows the tradition of Hans Wehr, whence is a very complete and easy to read dictionary of this basicly Semitic language.
 🔸 He adds at the end of every headword its derivation from Arabic, Italian or English in the form [...].
 🔸 In the introduction he notes that Maltese has only two of the four Arabic laryngeals, and that Arabic has overlaid most of the Pu­nic sub­strat terms. Maltese contains many Italian and English loans, which, however, can be identified easily. In case of doubt it suffices to look at Ara­bic or Babylonian / Assyrian / Akkadian.
 🔸 For [ras] he notes many examples around the Maltese islands.

 can be used as a table of contents.

 Noteworthy p 869, i.e. Sumerian  sa12-d i3-um ≡ east  gives rise to the assumption that the whole wind rose is of Sumerian origin or even consists of common ur-words.

 contains details which today nearly are forgotten. P 55  Brigoban­ne ≡ Rottweil , Brie ← Brige  [1282] p 57 urban district of today's Cann­stadt, p 58 two times  Raetia → Rieß , because 1483 the area around Augsburg still was called  Upper Rieß  p 67. Both attractive Rieß' at once were taken possession of by the invading Indo-Europeans.

 also contains articles on extinct Indo-Europeaan languages.

 explains many Indo-European folk names.

 also contains articles on extict Indo-Europeaan languages.

 concludes - by mainly using personal names - that the early Aquitanii were a mixture of *Vasconic and Celtic speaking people, that is that the Celts early crossed the Cevennes.
 🔸Many Basque place names contain  +a i n ← +o i han, p 38, like German ones, given that we derive here German - but not English - Hain from Basque  o i han ≡ wood.
 🔸 It would be interesting to know the geographical distribution of those in Europe.
 🔸The resulting union later should have been overlayed by *Vasonic people from south of the Pyrenees. He describes the relationship be­tween Celts, *Vasconics and Iberians p 110. However, did the Celts indeed cross from Le-Puys-en-Velais the Cevennes to Mende? This place name also has a *Vasconic interpretation [Ven] and likewise the many +dun s to the north-west therefrom.

 discusses the genetic results of [ SM& ]. Our assumption is exactly his wave theory of the expansion of European agricultural peop­le out of We­stern Asia. Concerning this it is irrelevant if the arriving Indo-Europeans only were herders or already also were agriculturalists.
 Two waves means three peoples, *Vasconics, Semit(id)ics - these were migrating on different routes - and Indo-Europeans, originally the first ones be­ing agricuturalists, the second ones seefarer and the third ones cattle breeders - because of their stay in the steppe north of the Cau­ca­sus [Ven]. Hen­ce Vennemann's theory complies with these latest results of genetics and hence is likelier than rival ones.

 is a conference report with many overall views and details on the Indo-European language groups.

 summarizes  R Jung, M Mehofer, I Moschos, E Pernica, who backtrace the metallurgic origin of the weapons of the sea peop­les to Ve­ne­tia in nor­thern and Japygia in southern Italy.

 states that the Pelasger were not Indo-European. However, our drastic examples yet necessarily prove their identification with *Vas­co­nic peop­le.
 🔸He notes that E.J. Furnée has classified some 4000 Greek words as Pelasgian, some 1000 ones he accepts as such. We do not think that all of those are *Vasconiic since in Greece and the Greek islands there were more non-Indo-European peoples besides the Pelasger.
 🔸Or - given Greece's exposed geographical location in the eastern Mediterranean there could have entered some wandering words, see http://www.indoeuropean.nl .

 Exactly❗

 is one of the outstanding dictionaries ❗ The authors outline in the introduction the problem of the wild Pelasger-theory of the early 19th cen­tury.
 🔸However, since the Greek historians have des­cribed the Pelasger in detail, we do not follow the resultant aversion,
 🔸especially also because of our numerous striking *Vasconic derivations of the names of places, tribes and passed down people.
 🔸In contrast we assume that the Pelasgian city of Athens - and the whole of Attika and even Athens' Ionic islands rather than for in­stance Do­rian Sparta - remained for much longer Pelasgian-speaking, and that the historical conflict between both was basicly due this lan­guage and cultural dif­fe­rence.
 🔸Since the authors classify the non-Indo-European word pool of Greek it becomes possible to decipher the Pelasgian part word-by-word.

 is a matter-of-fact study on the five different western Indo-European names for the badger, none of which having an Indo-European an­ne­xa­tion [KS].

 writes the history of the Tocharians - logical - complete - likely. His history could only be revised by new archeologi­cal or an­thro­po­lo­gi­cal re­sults - which, how­ever, will verify him.

 express slight doubts on the identification  Barenaue / Kalkriese = Clades Variana  by a ❓ in the title. They exemplify this identification - like al­ready T. Mommsen before 1900 [Hö f] - solely by the numerous uncovering of coins. The detailed maps and aerial views also show in the Fel­sener Feld 8 km from Schwagsdorf a threefold system of trenches of some 700 m length, where the associated wall may have been de­stroyed, overbuilt by the adjacent northern road or in the south by plowing.

 contains papers on the genesis from a pre- and early historical and anthropological point of view.

 cites p 232 R Pittioni, who has proved that not in all areas of the urnfield culture the name of the Venetian and Wenden could be verified. How­ever, he goes along with Hans Kuhn's theory of the North-West-Block.

 is a conference report with many papers on the Indo-European languages.

 show that already in the 4th millenium bChr in Scotland, England, the Orkneys and Denmark (Sarup) several sorts of wheat and barley were cultiva­neetited - by settlers whom we take for Semit(id)ic Megalithicians.

 surprisingly delivers - together with [P&W] - a growing number of Babylonian / Assyrian / Akkadian etymologies along the shipping routes of the me­ga­li­thi­cians.

 des­cribes at length - following T. Vennemann - the topic German - Germanic - Celtic - pre-Indo-European, primarily looking at the work of H. Kra­he, es­pe­cially  Nahe ← naba  as a Basque river name. But his etymology of  Gandersheim / Eterna  differs from ours.

 12 pages - cited by S Kastilan in the FAZ 78 from [Mar/31/2012] p 78,
 🔸does not yet prove the megalithic wandering from the Mediterranean into Northern Europe because domesticated cows also can have ar­rived in the north by trading between neighboring tribes.
 🔸A corresponding result for other domestic animals - especially sheep, the two ( isolated in Germanic ) names of which are of Semitic origin - still is lacking. But for plants the macaroni wheat delivers a DNA-evidence for such a wandering.

  in [ F&F ] below.

  in [ F&F ] below.

 eliminate 2019 any doubt − the megalithic wandering from the Mediterranean onto the Brithish Isles around 4000 bChr took place − sum­med up by  Paul Rincon  on the BBC-webpage [Apr/16/2019]  Stonehenge: DNA Reveals Origin of Builders ❗

 states p 123 that river Lippe was nearly unnavigable down to the narrow at Hovestadt. He locates the battle of Caecina 16 aChr near Lies­born and exactly locates the dam of Ahenobardus, which he renewed, and his hastily erected camp.

 In order to embed his diagram of cultures and tribes into the Müller-Hirt picture we have to change the following points:
 🔸 Culture only is one of four components of the vector folk. We have to decompose this part into two diagrams which are situated behind each other, and have to find diagrams for the three other components of this vector.
 🔸 To identify Venetians and Illyrians is no longer accepted. Illyrians started small in Southern Bosnia and Croatia and in Montenegro - they are not part of central European urnfield culture.
 🔸 This also holds for the Celtic tribes, who according to Udolph developed at the middle part of river Rhone and, after a few early raids on­ly in­va­ding the center of Europe from (800)  bChr on. Then their Hallstadt culture may have taken over some traditions from the urnfield culture.
 🔸 Like the Celts from the west the Slavs immigrated - much later - from the east. Hence both do not belong to this diagram but to different ones - own ones and much less complicated ones.

 shows on p 31 a historical map, in which the Aquintanians are living on both sides of the Pyrenees and are different from the Gauls - when­ce they were the Basques.

 cites Herodotus that Brugoi, Briges, Brukes etc. remained back in Europe, say around Thessaloniki, and that they probably cal­led them­sel­ves Bri ges or Bruges. Here we also derivate Fr i ul i i and Japygians likewise and assume that the Celtic +bri ger overtook this name.

 contradicts on p 7 and p 8 all too simple thoughts on the statistical similarity of languages.
 🔸We follow his conclusion on p 9 (bottom) here on this webpage. His reference on p 8 on the similarity of frog in the Semitic languages - from there in­to poetic Latin [ KS padde ] - only can be explained with a Pelasgian substrat in ur-Semitic as well.

 is an easy to read benchmark. He mentions on p 1217 that Oldhighgerman  Narro → Narr  has no known etymology.

 assumes the place of the Clades Variana near Beckum, mainly looking at field, place, river and personal names, which is too wee bit to per­sist against the professional world.
 🔸However, his presentation of the first and second Indo-European is more convincing than many modern trials thereupon - he writes on Mai­kop - al­beit the identification of Atlantis with Helgoland of Pastor Spanuth [Spa] remains ( for ever ?)) unproven, given that river Oder fits in the same way be­cause among all European rivers it is the only one where one can identify seven arms of the river mouth.
 🔸For this read Vennemann's conclusions [Ven] - who explains with his resumption of the equation  Megalithicians = Semit(id)s  the up to now on­ly de­ri­vation of the megalithic language, i.e. attributing the special role of Germanic to a SUV-Creol [ CMP ].
 From Bücker we can learn that
 🔸place names east of river Rhine can be passed down for 2000 years - Anreppen deriving from Low German reep, i.e. the fastening of boats in a har­bour,
 🔸and possibly also Becken survives in the name of the river fort Becking hausen near Oberaden.

 with thoughts on the Indo-European homeland.

 is a dictionary the spelling of which ( for instance ü ) should be overtaken into German.

 below. He notes this inherent fact in contrast to many other descriptions of the Germanic mythology, given that it is decisive for the mega­li­thic des­cen­dance of the Vanir. He notes p 613 the sharp frontier of two cultures across Brandenburg. The northern one we take for Semi­t(id)ic-me­galithic, the sou­thern one for Indo-European from the urnfield culture ❗

 did not find acceptance in all of his arguments but gives many interesting details which match our asumptions and a bibliography of the Greek histo­rians.
 🔸We substitute his derivation of this name by a *Vasconic one. But on p  579 he relates Pelasgoi and Abasgoi from each other, where­in on­ly an initial P has to be added. Which of both derivations is more conclusive is not easy to decide - it has to be concluded from the context.
 🔸He notes that according to the ancient Greek historians the Pelasgians were centered in Arcadia, the mythical high plain on the Pe­lo­pon­nese, where there is a Pelasgian forest. From there they descended to Kynuria, down at the seaside, to become experts in seafaring.
 🔸This makes the Pelasgian settling of Crete - particularly its western part - more likely.
 🔸Concerning Arcadia one can think of Basque  arkakara t s ≡ wild rose  or of  ard i / ar t za i n ≡ sheep / shepherd, this blessed country Arcadia hen­ce be­ing a  country of wild roses  or a  country of shepherds. Kyn+ur+i a contains Basque  ur ≡ water, meaning  down to the sea side.
mmmn🎈The footnote on p 587 reveals that an Europe-wide substrat - *Vasconic, what else - already was postulated before 1855 ❗

 summarizes the actual status of archeology in a basic textbook.
 🔸On p 160 there is a map of the megalith-culture up to its eastern border in Hinter-Pomerania, p 204 and p 253 maps of shipping routes around 3000 bChr which we date 1000 years earlier, p 181 a map of early metal findings in Western Europe, which we augment by German ones.
 🔸He describes in detail the so far earliest ships, for instance that one of Dover. We hope in future there will be more and even ear­lier ones.

 abstracts the results of the escavations at Conerow in the Tollense valley and shows that this epoch-making battle finally is reckognized in­ter­nationally.
 🏹 However, our interpretation of this battle exceeds his and that one of the excavators by far. Together with the fall of Mokodonja at the coast of the Adria and the arrival of the Dorian Danaens in Greece we see this battle as a whole shake-up of the eastern Mediterranian, i.e. the storm of the sea-people.

 abstracts new DNA-analyses [ M…W ] which reveal migrations from 2400 bChr up to the era of the Vikings along sea and river routes in Eu­ro­pe. This raises the question whether the DNA arrived not only by the Vikings but several millennia earlier with the Megalithicians along the sea and river trading routes - at least partly❓ For this early DNA that one of the woman of Gotland 1350 bChr, described by Skoglund & al., would be a spacel and timely link❗
 🧬 Then his map arises the challenge for the funnel beeker culture, given that this culture had a center in Denmark and Southern Sweden, clusters of megalithic settling also. In the basins of rivers Oder and Weichsel , like also in th Elbe basin the Megalithicians only were tra­ders cen­tered in several trading posts. Funnel beaker may have appeared there only by trading. Probably they were invented for befuddled drinks ( from hard wheat ?).
 🧬 Assuming only a late arrival of this DNA - the authors avoid this - with the Vikings, one had to genetically clarify their relations to the Slavs, who had arrived there 200 to 300 years earlier. As shown by the Nestor-chronicle this relation mostly was problematic, but only initially. Af­ter a few ge­ne­ra­tions under the Ruriks the population had become integrative Slavic.

 contains the largest Basque word pool.

 discusses Tamfana etymologically, but too is not able to definitely localize it near Essen and discusses  Silva Caesia → Silva Heissi → Chais­si­wald → Essen, wherein the order of the first two entries also may be permuted. Moreover there are more place names sounding like Essen.
 For the localization of Tamfana see also [ Tu l ]. However, assuming Tamfana at the hamlet Fahnen near Welver, the distance from Essen is three times that one from river Rhine to Essen.

 describes the guesswork on the original homeland of the Volcae. We take them for being *Vasconic.

 running project of the Universität Kiel, Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte  Drilling in Lake Woserin  [2012]  with an explanation by a graphic.

 discusses in detail the early languages of Crete and Catal Hüyük and does not believe pp 31-32 that those were early Indo-European ones.

 also mentions the cognation of Thracian br i a with Tocharian  r i, r i ye ≡ refuge fort located on a hill . Are hence the Tocharians early split-offs ( al­ready before 2200 bChr ) from the eastern border of the urnfield culture? However, from the point of view of date this only would agree with [G&A] if the urnfield culture people would have remained at their early location in Eastern Europe and then would have migrated to the west and the east.

 On pp 71-75 in  Der Hellweg als Handelsroute schon bei den Germanen?  pp 71-75. He p 73 advances the view - like [Le i] - that the Hellweg as a trade route is not traceable between 11 bChr and 9 aChr. That is why it should have come into being only after the successful foundation of cities and a net of roads in between.

 has numerous pre-Indo-European etymologies and denotes hartz as substrat [p VIIFo.7] - and likewise Harz, Hardt and Haar­strang, al­so gan­dor [p VII1, Nachtrag 1], Krebs [p VIIFo.2], sil+ [p IV8] - however, has no explanation for Semitic → Basque.
 🔸 He discusses hyacinth in [ VIIFo.5], but does not see the possibility to derive it from Basque yellow ribbon, the narcissus from brown rib­bon.
 🔸 Given all thsee etymologies are not coincidence, there only remains his explanation - they come from a common substrat in Neaar East, Southern Europe and Northern Africa [p VII]. However, he does not identify Greek and Central European substrat words as *Vasconic.
 🔸 To subgroup Lelegians and Georgians together is tempting.

 contains articles on all aspects of name studies.

 assumes several - mythical - migrations from Near East to Western Europe - which we take for more unlikely than T. Vennemann's theory of a wide­spread first settlement of *Vasconic speaking people in Europe. Accordingly we have to question some of his derivations for the di­rec­tion of take-over, es­pecially if there are proto-Indo-European roots. On p 52 he mentions the Basque-German sound shift  g → h  which im­plies more entries in our dic­tio­nary BD, and on pp 53+54 he even finds some common Basque-German ancient customs❗
 The quintessence of his book is a Basque-Greek dictionary. In the light of our studies of these migrations we have to analyse his Greek en­tries for their Pe­lasgian origin.

 reprint of the 1926-edition in 5 plus 2 volumes, easy to read.

 is an exemplary presention of this wide field. He also references older literature, for instance the work of H. Hirt:

 with a conclusive subgrouping of the Indo-European languages - p 65 -

 describes on pp 69-86 the nostratic hypothesis,

 describes in detail on pp 293-307 the chronological genesis of the Baltics and the Slavs, which we enlarge spatially: When they left their ori­gi­nal homeland in the eastern Carpathian Mountians, the Pripjet-Swamps separated the Baltics and the Slavs from each other. The Bal­tics mi­grated to north, the Slavs to the west. These spacial and chronological assumptions yet are unproven - but are the most likely ones.

 in a showcase of the Stadtmuseum Oberaden and therefore available to the public only with difficulties. He holds one of the numerous early views, which contributed important basic ideas. These have to be reread with the help of modern techniques, among them dendrochrono­lo­gy and the Strontium dating of bones. He discussed whether at Beckinghausen there was a bridge and justified this with the numerous dis­co­ve­ries of coins - meanwhile sad­ly mis­sing.

 has been discarded with the argument that his comparison of the Germanic consonant-sound shift ( Grimm's law ) with Venetic cannot hold. How­ever, if a the proof of a mathematical theorem does not hold this does not imply that the theorem does not hold - there is no such tau­to­lo­gy. Moreover, if Germanic and Romanic people must have been such closely neighboring to each other - and some even take the Venetians for Italics - Venetians and Germanics must have been much more close than Northern Germany and Northern Italy is, and the relation of lan­gu­ages is transitive. Since Indo-Europeans in­va­ded Italy not before (1200) bChr the Venetians must have come from outside. There is no in­di­cation that they came from somewhere else than from the north.

 below, assumes the Picts as a third branch of the Celts.

 is a complete textbook. On p 421 there is a map of the original home of the Slavs between Krakau and Kiev. On p 12 there is the dis­tri­bu­tion of the Indo-Europeans around (500) bChr. However, his diagram p 10 contradicts the identification of the North-West-Block with the Ita­lics - i.e.
 🔸 these three assumptions contradict ours.

 is a survey of Malta which only can be enlarged by an abstract on the early underwater archeology after Timmy Gambin and a DNA-ana­ly­sis of the sceletons in the hypogeum.

 describe the Anglo-Saxon saga of Beowulf, being written down contemporary with the Alemanni trove.

 has striking arguments on the statistics of shared words in different languages and on coincidence: If they occur it is more lo­gi­cal­ly to think on hi­storical relations of both peoples than to discard them as incidental - also read his Stanford PHD-thesis and apply this to Dresden❗

 studies all intersections in the above diagrams I and W, among them the relation between Italic and Venetian [p 306]. However, he follows Krahe's hypothesis of an early Indo-European hydronomy in Europe and therefore assumes the original homeland of the Indo-Europeans in the inmidth Europe. Its boundaries are rivers Loire and Garonne - both names being non-Indo-European - in the west and rivers Kama and Ural in the east.
 Even if this is a huge area - we do not agree.

 on p 17 with a map of the 2nd Indo-European wandering, especially the peoples of the urnfield culture. We identify the Rhine-group with the Ita­lic peoples. Westfalia with the homeland of the later Marser and Brukterer hence is associated with the early Italic people.

 confirm - with a mahematically enhanced version of glottochronics - the classical theory of the genesis of Indo-European from proto-Indo-Eu­ro­pean, gi­ving more exact dates, see [Ham] (below).
 🔸 We do not follow the critique of their approach, but have a different concern: Applying their approach to modern English - with its 65 % Ro­man­ce, but up to 80 % spoken Germanic word pool ( plus Germanic syntax ) - we would arrive at a much earlier split from com­mon Ger­ma­nic than it was the case in the year 1066.
 🔸 In the case of Tocharians and Hittites we therefore have to develop additional methods, so to speak to calibrate this ansatz.

 in the same issue - there the wanderlust-gene.

 do not mention findings before 1800 bChr - which are to be expected because of the place names.

 analyse the massacre of Eulau but not yet the peoples involved. A reconstruction of heads and faces would add some understanding. Con­ti­nued in

Their results disprove convincingly any hypothesis of diffusion❗
 Colin Renfrew's in Science attempted rescue of the first Indo-European  out of Anatolia and across the Balkan-migration is not as likely as - our - mi­gra­tion from Eastern Anatolia across the Caucasus and Maikop into the southern Russian steppe.
 However, assuming a more than 2000 years earlier migration of *Vasconic (Bandkeramik) people from Eastern Anatolia towards Europe then Co­lin Ren­frew's approach could be applied to that one. This means that there must be archeological evidence to keep those two migrations apart, including genetic evi­dence - perhaps from the numerous early massacres in Europe.

 They add many maps in the addendum, especially of place names in the area between Germanics and Celts, which make this book to a rich sour­ce. Their closing words explain the theory of the so-called North-West-Block.

 contradict with this excavation the assumption that the sea people raids in the eastern Mediterranean only were local events.

 demonstrate convincingly how exact meanwhile the time-order on the component archeology of a Müller-Hirt-diagram has become - and p 33 that the ear­liest occupancy around 3750 bChr on a flat, on three sides inapproachable, high plain above river Eider corresponds to the se­cond wave of im­mi­gra­tion ( University of Kiel ). Location and time are in line with that. Near Büdelsdorf there are more megalithic con­struc­tions. Eras without ar­cheo­logical re­mains also are interesting because they may be eras of emigration. Which means that somewhere else some­thing must have happened.

 is a nice presenttion. But he does not necessarily take Albanians for immigrant Daciens. On p 133 he localizes the proto-Phrygians = Brie­ger ( in our no­tation ) north of Macedonia, hence in Kosovo or Serbia. Around (1200) bChr they cross over from Macedonia and Northern Gree­ce to Asia Minor. P 132 identifies the Dorian migration with the Lausitz-culture ( after N G L Hammond [1973] ).

 on p 342 with a space-time-diagram of the Indo-European language group, which subgroups the Phrygians into the subgroup of Celts and Ita­lics, and the Albanians closely to the Dacian-Mysians, somewhat loselier into that one of the Baltics and Slavs. Are the Baltics direct­ly con­nec­ted with the Thra­cians?

 assumes a Central-European homeland of the Indo-Europeans, which covers in a map in the addendum of his se­cond volume nearly en­tire­ly the area of the urnfield culture.
 🔸 Alongside he presents surprisingly modern views, which only in details are outdated by later research.
 🔸 However, his summary of the theory of races is pure Zeitgeist.

 almost makes reading as an early rebuttal of the identification of Barenaue / Kalkriese with the Clades Variana. He ends with a revealing map, which displays the whole area, including the home of the Cherusker to the south and that of the Angrivarians north of the great moor.
 🔸 However, his localisation of Munition as Minden is more unlikely than that of [KMKL] as Hannoversch Münden.

 in principle coincides with our theory of an Eastern Anatolian descendence of early Cretians and even better with our assumption on a Eu­rope-wide *Vasconic first settling of Bandkeramik people. See also [L…S] below.

 advances - like we do - the theory of the immigration of the Indo-Europeans - the Battleaxe people - into northern Europe and the sub­se­quent genesis - map p 44 - and expansion - map p 46 following E. Schwarz - of the Germanics. In this map we substitute for the era (2200) to (800) bChr the Celts ( those even till (200) bChr ) by the Italics = North-West-Block and the Illyrians by the Venetians = Brieger / Wenden.

 take this battle for very important. We even take it for world-crucial, since it triggered the 2nd Indo-European wandering, shaping the world anew !

 presents the antique sources for this subject completely and in an easy-to-read way, without entering the question of interpretations. Insofar he is an op­po­site pole to W. Leise, whose derivations of Arbalo as  forest at the border of the Arpesfeld  and Bücker's Anreppen as landing of a Roman river fort are not mentioned. In the light of new archeologic discoveries since then it should be enlarged by a chapter.

 depicts in the left map p 11 approximately 🔸 the southern border of the megalith-culture along the watershed between North Sea and Bal­tic, 🔸 the wa­ter­way of the Megalithicians along river Elbe and 🔸 east of river Rhine their colonies along the waterways.

 cites Kazimieras Büga [1961] that the Polish name for the Prussians cannot have been developed before the 9th century.

 we use as open quarry for the relationship of Basque words with words from other residual languages.
 🔸 It should be impossible to arrange his relationship of peoples (Völkerverwandtschaften) in an anthropological diagram of peoples, like we try this on our webside in Mathmatisation of Ethnology, especially if we also try to include points in time for the spilt-ups. We also do not fol­low his  Basque ∼ Le­le­gians-theo­ry p 45+p 46, and do not assume Indo-European satem-people on the Iberian peninsula.
 🔸 Also we derive the Brenner p 19 differently than from his approach, and we take his  briga ← *bria  p 33 conversely as →.

 displays in Abb 7 Jochen Brandt's map from 2001, which gives rise to assume the genesis of the Germanics around 800 bChr to have ta­ken place around Seddin, and to identify this with the Jastorf-culture.

 is complete presentation with many revealing maps.

 is a Basque-Spanish dictionary with figurative abstracts.

 identify - with a geographical ansatz of transformed coordinates of settlements on the Ptolemaion world map - place namaes in Germania Mag­na, among them Bogadinium with Salzkotten. From a linguistic point of view Kotten can have been derived from Bo+gadin+ium but like­wise the river name Pa­der, which only is 9 km from there. They find Stereontium near Bad Driburg, Pheugaron ( which [ Pet ] assumes as Lü­nen translated ) near Osterode ( La­tin f replacing Greek ph, from an Indo-European b ), Luppia near Bernburg - and Munitium near Hede­mün­den - the 2009 excavated Roman camp be­ing iden­tified. This is a convincing proof for this coordinate transformation and of Ptolemaios since mor­phologically  Munition ↔ Münden , even if mün­den ac­cu­rately desribes the geography there.

 with the picture of a priest p 24 in which at most the color of its robe is questionable and p 25 an early clavicula-gate.

 above, with quite a modern presentation of linguistics. Especially he assumes a closer relationship of Germanics with Baltics and Slavs than that of Ger­ma­nics with Italics.

 not yet trace terms back before proto-Germanic. Noteworthy: They believe that some terms entered English only via the detour of Ger­ma­nic Nor­mannic from Oldsaxon / -frankish.

 is the impressing standard for the etymolgy of German, which has to be consulted in any case. Examples for *megalithic and *Vas­co­nic Sprach­denk­mäler have to be located exactly there where the etymology is classified as pre-Indo-European or unclear, for instance for Axt ≡ ax.
 More derivations under investgation could be  Klepper, Sierch (Suebian), dwarf.  hate ← haserrez ≡ furious, resp. even  hate ← h i z i ≡ hate, we didn't include into the above dictionary BD only because there also are Celtic and Latin cognates. However, it remains a candidat for being of *Vas­co­nic origin, which migrated into all three western Indo-European language groups.  ugly ← zatar  would al­so become possible.
 Strong is his derivation of Zelter for an easy-going horse from Basque, even stronger would be to apply this also to stable, saddle, stall, stal­lion. Zelt ≡ tent  should be mentioned here also. This whole complex votes for Vennemann's *Vasconic and also for M. Gim­bu­tas' Kur­gan theory !
 We assume, that all etymologies up to 2020 are reported, andand that we considerably can shift many etymologies back in time. However, those are only s o l v e d, if they come from simpler facts. Our *Vasconic ones fulil this condition convincingly, our Semit(id)ic ones much less – look at  ☎ 
 The  K l u g e  remains  t h e standard  for the etymology of German! It will be updated continuously, which then is the latest state of this 200 years old re­search. We expect the  26. edition [2024] ISBN 978 3 11 065172 0 .

 Salangi p 18, Turnantini p 25.

 Comparing the expressions bronze and iron in Germanic, Latin and Celtic he concludes than the Italics must have crossed the Alps still in the Bronze Age well before the Iron Age. Since we backtrack the expressions gold(en) and silver(y) to *Vasconic the processing of pre­cious me­tals has to be earlier invented than that of ordinary metals. This is plausible because the smelting of iron, copper, ... is considerab­ly more in­volved.

 does not take over everything from Kluge / Seebold, who such are not outdated by him, see [ KS Leid ]. Especially we do not believe in the nu­me­rous supposed loans from Celtic into Germanic, since both before (1200) bChr were not direct neighbors. For instance  Reich  is proto-In­do-European and such does not come from the much later contact of both language groups.
 Many of his *proto-Germanic terms, which he backtracks (only) to the western Indo-European languages ( condoning Greek, Armenian and Pe­las­gian = *Vasconic ) are candidates - of Vennemann or us - for being loans from either *Vasconic or from proto-Semitic.

 reveals that in Europe there was considerably more copper than tin mining areas. He discusses on p 109 flint mining in the Rheinland, p 126 mining in the Erzgebirge mountains, p 127 the trading of tin, p 123 Seddin. Abb 53 shows the Bronze hoard of Dieskau near Halle.

 makes it easy to pick up the structure of the Basque language because of his intermediate chapter of pre-, in- nd suffixes. Enlarged by some 1000 terms, for instance buckle, bush, broom, grove, shrub and among them words from only local dialects it would become comparable to Piere Lhande's out­standing dictionary.

 mentions on p 103 a Basque  pe­latsch ≡ pom­mes d'api . The apple-word hence exists in Basque also like in Indo-European and Semitic. On p 36 he men­tions that Basque and Georgian share 360 common words. However, his basic assumption on Atlantis contradicts T. Ven­ne­mann's use of this no­tion dia­me­trically - and already has been rated as esotheric in literature.

 in principle coincides with our theory of an Eastern Anatolian descendence if we identify the Leleger with the hunter and gatherers whom the ear­liest settlers came across in Greece. See also [H…S] above.

🎈We prefer Wilhelm Leise's ansatz to the - say 700 - different ones since he is themmmmm
closiest to the four ancient written records, which we look at being very detailed❗

 discuss whether it was really finished and in use.

 is exactly this type of genetic analysis which up to 2025 should clarify all major pre-historic wanderings worldwide.

  early - but still important - a Basque Jesuit!
 🔸His  i phaŕ ≡ Norden, Nordwind  cannot be found in later dictionaries only as  i par or  i far. Whence - is the difficulty
   with  pf  of the Pfalz-people of *Vasconic origin? Given that Trechirgau and the Moselvalley are close?
 🔸His  belxaran ≡ brown , put together from  black  and  plum , is modernized to  arre.  More general the table of diagrams

								archaic
🟠	i s+ur+i	⭯≡ i.e.	f+l ow (+ing) water + water	🟠	i r +l a	⭯≡ i.e.	is +land water + land
🟠	era+  batu	⭯≡ [ i.e.]	Arebeit [mhDeu] → Arbeit making+ together	🟠	e r +l a	≡ [ i.e.]	farmer domination + land
🟠	black ⭮ bel+tz	←	bele +atz   ≡ raven +colored	🟠	fear ⭮ beldur	← [Kün]	bele + dur i ≡ raven + acting
🟠	Easter	⭮ [p 454]	hosto+a╱ro ≡ May ≡ leaves + time of	🟠	har+petan	≡ i.e.	hollow, cave stone + under
🟠	zalap+artan	⭯≡ [ i.e.]	swarm [unk]  disorder / flow + in	🟠	artalde	⭯≡ [ i.e.]	Rudel [unk] even more + many a time
🟠	i l tze+g i le	⭯≡ [ i.e.]	Igel (≡ hedgehog) nail+making	🟠	i l ar b i r i b i l	⭯≡ i.e.	Erbse [unk] → pea row + round
🟠	be l+ur i+tu	⭯≡ i.e.	f ah l ≡ wan, sallow black + lessening	🟠	ur+d i n	⭯≡ i.e.	blue ≡ b l au [unk] water + color
🟠	belx+aran	⭯≡ [p 139]	brown [unk] black + plum	🟠	barano	⭯ [p 108]	barne+ke ≡ waistcoat → byrnie surounding ...	❗
🟠	urrun+j oan	=≡ i.e.	urrann j an [ gothic] → (to) runmmmmmm  far + walking	🟠	i t saso	⭯≡ i.e.	sea, See  water + salt
🟠	b+eg i	⭯≡ ←	Auge ≡ eye  b i+i kus i ≡ two + see	🟠	borr+oka	⭯≡ i.e.	Kampf ≡ fight  pullout + queasy	🜼
🟠	i ra+tzartu	≡ i.e.	(to) wake (up) water + much	🟠	ore ≡ mea	↔ i.e.	metallon ← bet i + i raun metallon mmmmalways + duration
🟠	zere+alak	≡ ≡	[  Ⅰ , ⇄ ]  amphibian   false + frog	🟠	leech ← lareko	← ≡	larre + araka(+tu meadow + toadying
			[ Lha zere ,...,zur i ]
🟠		≡	mmma l de + tarammmmmn→ aldare → God will appear + there	a l t a r [❓❓]	← aldare	← ≡	o l de + tara be blessed by God's hands + there
	-tara ablatif suffix de mouvement						[ Lha -tara, alde, olde ]

gives numerous clues for the ethnicity of Basque - see J.M. Orbea [ Orb ] and M. Morvan [ Mor ]. Certainly the above example basalt can be in­cluded also in this list.

 stating p 152 word-by-word

 discusses the complex genesis of the bandkeramik people, which, however, still has to be made compatible with the latest results of DNA-ge­ne­tics, es­pe­cially concerning the milk tolerance. To understand this we at first have to assume that cattle initially was breeded for meat on­ly, To develop a milk and cheese industry one needs this milk tolerance which developed gradually. For this embedding into genetics there are at most (1500) years available, and for that 60 generations do not suffice for man as a social being.

 develops from p 847 onwards a series of 9 detailed maps for the spread of the Indo-Europeans, starting in the northern outliers of the Cau­ca­sus ( and the ad­jacent steppe ), which comply with the results of [G&A] pretty well, if one shifts everything a little backwards in time. He differs from the standard Kurgan-theory only by assuming a longer stay there.
 🔸However, his Italics, pp 532-533, are not our Italics, they invaded Italy only after (1200) and before (800) bChr - and his southern ex­ten­sion of the Ger­manics pp 853+854 were the Venetians.

 discuss all aspects of Indo-European studies and especially those of the place of origin.

 report a considerable mix of populations by using the genetics of skeletons from 2400 bChr up the Viking Age in those areas which later were covered by the Vikings. Except for the first two centuries this mixing falls into the era of the Indo-European arrival - from the Black Sea - and after the arrival of the Megalithicians - by ship from the Mediterranian into Northern Europe.
 🔸Noteworthy: They attribute two uncoverings to the Picts - these would be the first ones.
 🔸Noteworthy also: Slavs are not mentioned. Since their settling in the east of Holstein preceeded the Viking Age this seems to have been a peaceful in­coming, perhaps being called up into regions which were depopulated by emigration - the classical point of view.

 describes the waves of emigrations of the Kurgan-culture in all four cardinal points.

 contains a complete bibliography of what so far genetics has revealed on the Basque people.

 describe the earliest migration out of Anatolia from the point of view genetics - which we assiciate with bandkermic people - and date it in the midd­le of the 7th millennium bChr. They first settled in south-east Europe, slowly expanding into the whole of Europe with a branch in Greece - which we assume to be Pelasgian - and even to the Ural mountains - we as­sume that at least 2000 to 3000 years later the first Indo-European expan­sion com­menced.
 Whence Genetics starts to fill in one of the four components of a Müller-Hirt-diagram for the history between Indo-European and megali­thic - ex­pan­ding from northern Europe - people along river Elbe, whereto one only has to go into detail that ,north of Mark Brandenburg' means exact­ly the Prignitz around Seddin. Hence along this river there is only missing the component sagas of this diagram for a complete hi­sto­rio­gra­phy. Although we can­not ex­pect such a legend there, since - in contrast to Mecklenburg and the Prignitz - far too many invasions swept over this intermediate country, we assume

 describes the discoveries of ancient ships and their displays on the area of the megalith-culture ever since the Bronze Age. Whether one can track their con­structions back to 4500 bChr only can be assessed by new uncoveries. Dominique Görlitz refers to a many-days-sailing tour in the eastern Me­di­ter­ra­nean on a boat made of common reed [Gör].

 describe a typical Indo-European cult of fire near the grave mound of Seddin which stretches from Scandinavia to areas, which by Udolph were con­si­dered as the ancestral cell of the Germanic language. The following article [S&G] describes the archeology of this cult.
 This Bronze Age area along river Stepenitz in the direction of the main waterway beween North - and Baltic Sea is in detail presented on  http: // www.b-a-b.de/pub­li­ka­tionen/May_Hauptmann_2012_Seddin.pdf.

 discuss all, especially the traffic aspects of this archeological important region. This work also is a pdf.
 🔸 Meanwhile even a king's hall has been excavated 250 m north-east of the grave mound.

 accepts this hypothesis - except for details - and has a bibliography of Hans Kuhn's work. Here we finally get an Indo-European etymology of the All­gäu-idiom f i ed l a.

 localizes the ur-Semitics around the street of Gibraltar, following T. Vennemann. Because of the woman from Gotland. whose DNA ori­gi­na­tes at the Levant [ SM& ], the archeological similarity of a site in Malta and New Grange in Ireland, and the numerous Babylonian-As­sy­rian-Ak­ka­dian etymologies from the Levant via Crete to Malta we do not fol­low this as­sump­tion - three of the four components of a Müller-Hirt-dia­gram do not comply.

 for sure was not Indo-European, hence no Brigant or Brieger, p 797, since the British Isles didn't have been captured by their im­mi­ga­tion be­fore 1500 bChr.

 asks, whether the symbols on the gold-hats mean the invention of mathematics ( hence before the symbols of the ciphers of 1 to 9 were in­ven­ted ) - like la­ter the invention of the numeral 0 made modern mathematics possible. The sequential arrangement of the historic de­ve­lop­ment of numerals, hiero­gly­phics, syllabary and letters as sign of phonetic sounds remains to be uncovered.

 with numerous clues for a Roman camp in Cappel, today part of Lippstadt, excellent maps and a complete bibliography, which reveals that - like in Olfen - lo­cal traditions go for a long time unnoticed. Must be identified in 🔓Archive.org

 advocates the nostratic theory of a substrat all over Europe and beyond and that this was Basque.

 also cites T. Vennemann. He notes that Basque only has double consonants if two words are merged, see our above table at P. Lhande.

no ISBN - with detailed maps, only in the Stadtarchiv Soest.mmn

 above, discusses the etymological challenges of Germanic tribes Cisrhenani. Especially  Brieger ⭯ Frisiavones  [p 113] is a result of Hans Kuhn.

 Does the tale of the silver-ring has a megalithic background as well ?

 does not coindide principally with Vennemann's assumptions, but describes the Pictish challenge in detail ! For instance we do not see be­fore the Anglo-Saxons any invasion in Britain from Scandinavia in the east - but from the 5th millenium onwards only from Western France in the south-west via Britain into Scandinavia.
 Are we able, following this Semit(id)ic ansatz, to erase  a l l  inconsistences of the insinuated Celtic etymologies ?

 is a rich source for the ethnicity of Basque, see for instance pp 459 ff, and more general of the history of the Basque language. We find ma­ny examples in place names in and around Germany. Further examples are subsumed in the above table at P. Lhande. He mentions the ety­mological equivalence of even many toponyms in Spanish and Caucasien Iberia, among them river Araxes and Armenia [p 130], authored by de Echave.

 is a definitive book, which p 21 even allows the etymology  Barcelona ⭮ bardoze+lei nu  with  l e i nu ≡ tribe, clan, descendance. However, with  bar­doze ≡ loamy land  this is a little less likely than  bazter ≡ shore, coast, the oldest part of this city being close to the Mediterranian.
 His proposal  sum i l ← sub i l ⭮ *zubero ≡ Black Forest  p 148 is dead-on for the witch of Rottenburg at the Heuberg - on the same page Bas­que  Basa­bürü ≡ High-Zuberoa ❗ And there is likewise tellingly  Barzl i n  in the Spreewald.
 🔸 All these arguments sugguest that Catolonia was initially settled by *Vasconic speaking people.

 describe an obviously demonted stone circle in Waun Mawn in the Presili Mountains of Wales, which p 91 they are able to date in the era of Stone­henge. They think of a shift of the stones to Stonehenge. And

 assumes a close relationship of the Ural-Altaic languages with Sumerian and moreover delievers a trove of Sumerian words.
 🔸He transfers the Indogermanistic line of reasoning to the Ural-Altaic languages - hundreds of expressions of little known languages - such closing a yawning gap in comparative linguistics. He also takes new DNA- and archeological outcome in account.
 🔸We try to follow his convincing surveys, but include toponyms and mythology. Except we do not follow his inclusion of the Maikop-culture into tht background - but the hunt is opened und remains thrilling.
 🔸His presumed genetic relationship of Sumerians and Ural-Altaians leads fo the conclusion, that words from the eastern Baltic may be back­tracked to Sumerian - directly without an early Semitic detour. Given such a detour, hence when a Semitic consonance plus semantics does exist - there are many of those - they may have wayfared with the megalith-culture into the north.
 🔸His detailed time-based data in the second volume are those which today are broadly accepted − if some of them have to be calibrated than most­ly to earlier ones.

 also quotes many Akkadian words - hence goes back before the split Arabic-Hebrew. We find strikingly many Germanic words, which can be back­tra­cked to Assyrian-Akkadian - hence cunieform tablets found in the Fertile Crescent - which in turn votes for the Levant-origin of the me­galitic culture of the north. Examples
 

🟠	[p 3]	Blei	⭮	abāru	≡	Blei ( ≡ lead )  ❗	r → l
🟠	[p 38]	hit	⭮	ḫ i ṭ ṭ u	≡	crime, error, sin, fault, ...
🟠	[p 41]	in	⭮	i na	≡	in, into, to	hence older than Greek
🟠	[p 47]	quay	⭮	kāru	≡	quay, harbour, landing-place, pier, trading station, -colony, ...	also Celtic but older
🟠	[p 76]	name	⭮	n ī bu	≡	name	Standard-Akkadian
🟠	[p 86]	cane	⭮	qanû	≡	cane, reed, shaft, ...
🟠		gain	⭮	qanû	≡	gain, aquire, buy, earn, ...	from Aramaic
🟠	[p 94]	crew	⭮	r i kbu	≡	crew	only ⇄
🟠	[p 98]	suffice, sufficient	⭮	supāqu	≡	suffice, sufficient	via Latin
🟠	[p 99]	side	⭮	s i dru	≡	L line, row, order, sequence. ...	Old-Norse s í đ r [KS]
🟠	[p 117]	swi+m	⭮	šuā ᦱu	≡	swim ❗	ᦱ ↔ m
🟠		shove, schieben	⭮	šubû	≡	battering ram ❗	Standard-Akkadian
🟠		sheep	⭮	šūbu	≡	sheep - a special one ❗	Standard-Akkadian	.

 contains also the cuneiform version of many words on the tablets.

 identifies many place names - Honsel from Latin insula does convince. However, the four towns  Bogadinion - Stereontion - Pheugaron - Lup­pia  on the map of Ptolemaios do not coincide with the localisations in [ KMKL ] - see the web page Felix Bierhaus, which must be looked for on 🔓Archive.org .

 demonstrates on the map p 49 the Basque language losses since the 6th century. Burgos and across the Pyrenees Lourdes then already may have been outside. No doubt that at least this name is Basque, whereas Burgos may have been made sounding Gothic from an earlier br i ga-name. In the pro­vince there is the name  P i ernas, p 66, sounding suspiciously like the Pelasgian name  Parnas  if interpreted Basque !

 cites on p 42 the hypothesis that the Picts descend from Finno-Ugric people, which is less likely than that of a Semit(id)ic descendance and for which we have another strong argument: Cruithin being the Irish-Gaelic name of the Picts, Vennemann's  ← Britanni ← pretan ≡ Zinn  ex­plains this con­vin­cing­ly.
 Likewise we assume many of Pilch's toponyms as much older than Celtic, even older than the urnfield-culture, i.e. as Semit(id)ic.

 discusses Albanian and Venetic and the challenge of the common words in Illyric and Germanic. Especially on p 63 he derives from pro­to-In­do-Eu­ro­pean  *obhros → abrs ( = force )  Gothic, and  obrs ( = giant, Avarian ) Slavic. Likewise we can take this for *o brs, hence as prefix u+ as in U kraina plus  brs = briger.

 analyzes the borderline between Germanic and the other Indo-European languages.

 denies any impact of a pre-Indo-European substrat onto the Indo-European languages of Europe, and of the Illyrian-Venetic languages ( of the Lausitz-culture ) onto Germanic. However, on p 271 and p 276 he notes the lack of many Indo-European etymologies.

 discusses the linguistic congruences of the Indo-European language groups.

 gives p 606  +i i e  as suffix for the plural, like [ WrC p 532 ] Hans Wehr takes  +ā n  as suffix for the  nomen unitatis. This, in today's Ara­bic uni­ver­sal suffix for groups of people should have entered the names of places and areas, for instannce in Tallinn and perhaps even in Berlin - close to the travel of the Nibelungs to the capital of the Huns - which may have contributed to its name.
 Given that the megalithic wandering into Northern Europe commenced in the Levant, this dictionary is one of our most important ones.

 considers for possible that it already was mentioned in Claudius Claudianus' 451 aChr poem  venit accola silvae - Bructerius Hercynie . How­ever, our *Vas­co­nic interpretation hits a little bit better.

 shows p 79 an animation of this Roman castrum.

 tracks paintings in tombs of the Maikop-culture back to the Indo-Iranian mythology.

 Arlette Roth-Laly finds

(to) go	⭮	gōtar	≡	to go	p 367
Rappe	⭮	garrāp	≡	horse / gallop of a horse	p 372
gallop	⭮	garrab	≡	gallop (donkey and camel)	p 372
green	⭮	gēramānī	≡	green	p 376	≡ orlegi
red	⭮	gerdūd	≡	red	p 373	≡ gorri
grave	⭮	qabr / gabr	≡	grave	p 399	lubaki	≡	to grub
godt	⭮	ma+gadūs	≡	holy	p 370
(to) couph	⭮	guḥḥa	≡	to couph	p 368
target		South-East-Arabic		Germanic		Basque			,

wherein the trivial sound shift  r ↔ l  plays a role. Are whence all these notions common ur-words? Even Basque  orlegi  clearly is sound shif­ted with  gree+n . The example  red , different from High-Arabic, settles this form exactly between Basque and Indo-European, making it more eth­nic. In ad­di­tion de­riving  Rappe  from  raven  looks like a typical folk-etymology, referring to the black color.

 lists all tribes of the Venetians without relating them to each other – as we do, namely due to the large-scale second Indo-European migra­tion.

 vicar in Haus Assen, reports on an old stone-road from Hunolt to Assen, but also that its Roman origin is uncertain, and from a second one, half an hour to the west; in addition from (Roman?) camps in the Havixbrock and Im Bröggel - today a stone road.

 especially refers p 75 on the water-giant Mimir and German place names derived from this name: Münster ← Mimigerdaford,  Minden ← Mimidun,  Mem­leben ← Mimmibruuno.

 with p 199 an explanation of the signs on the Berlin gold-hat in terms of the decadic number system of the Indo-Europeans. This excludes a *Vasconic origin because of their 20-based number system.

 with a convincing localisation of the place of uncovery based on geography and astronomy. Associated finds indicate a date in the era be­tween 1350 and 1250 bChr.

 describes the large distance between Prussians and Lituanian-Latvians, corresponding to Ernst Schwarz's argument for the split of Ita­lics, Ger­manics and Celts in neighboring tribes.

 convincingly bridges Arabic  light  via  shimmer  to Germanic  day .

 describe a massacre in Koszyce in Little Poland, the victims from an exendded family of related men but unrelated women from a pe­riod between 3000 and 2000 bChr. This was the era of the expansion of the Yamnaja-culture to the west.

 describes its monumental appearance still visible today.

 historiography on the basis of archeology of his time.

 assumes the original homeland of the Celts in Southern Germany - which contradicts J. Udolph's convincing result of one in the center of Fran­ce with an emigration to Southern Germany only with the Hallstadt-culture from (800) bChr onwards. Hence the many isoglosses of Ger­ma­nic and Celtic come from this era - if not they should be from an era before (2200) bChr, in which the western Indo-European tribes still were in close contact or even to­ge­ther.
 🔸 On p 26 he linguistically substantiates a neighborhood between Germanic and Italic tribes and to the west therefrom one between Os­kian-Um­brians and Gallic-Britannians. This implies an east-west outline of the Italic tribes in their original homeland between Germanic and Celtic tribes - and his map p 25. We see the Celts far to the south-west near river Saône. His argumentation is the strongest stake for Hans Kuhn's theo­ry of the North-West-block.
 🔸 He disscusses in detail Narists ∼ Varists together with descent and migrations of the Bastarnae. He denotes the Narists of the Oberpfalz p 33 as ( la­ter Ger­manized ) Venetians. In this case their northern frontier would have been even north of river Donau.

 also draws p 48 a map of the wandering of the Bastarnae and Skirii across the region between rivers Oder and Weichsel towards the Black Sea.
 The collected works of Ernst Schwarz remain  t h e  historiography of the Germanic peoples.

 uses a method which should be called  table-analysis  to compare similar traditions of different peoples. It is defined as cutting the tra­di­tions to be com­pared in­to logical statements, the probability of a coincidence of which then being valididated - which Orin Gensler and Li­nus Brun­ner have done for words and terms. Our approach slightly generalizes that one of Scott Littleton.
 In addition we use commutative diagrams and (exact) sequences from  Abstract Nonsense  and universal algebra to reduce the probabili­ty of co­in­ci­dence further. But because of the lack of algebraic structures exact herein does not yet make sense.

 − published by de Gruyter, Berlin [1994] − is a criticism of this book, which, however, does not touch the results we cite and use here.

 summarises the state of research so convincingly that we nearly totally follow this. Exception: His review of the first Indo-European wan­de­ring, which is re­butted from [H…R].

 with a map of the early Germanic tribes and the trial to derive the name Fries+ian neither from Germanic nor from Celtic, but also not pre-In­do-Eu­ro­pe­an. We here follow Hans Kuhn, [Neu] above, with an Indo-European etymology - viz. from Brieger. Hence this tribe's name is one of the few ones which nei­ther is of *Vasconic nor of megalithic origin.

 with an elaborate discussion of the European origin of the Palestinians and a bibliography of their name. Especially he takes  +st+ina  as two Indo-Eu­ro­pean suffixes.

date the first production of salt with pans in Yorkshire on the second wave of megalithic immigration commencing 3800 bChr. We conclude that the Me­ga­lithicians didn't have much salt on board, but introduced the know-how of salt production to the north.
 🔸 The date 3800 bChr appears several times around the North- and the Baltic Sea. According to the mesurements of the University of Kiel we take it as the second wawe of wanderings by the Megalithicians from the Mediterranian.

 with the most detailed map of the development of the steppe-cultures north of Maikop. However, this typical Indo-European explosion should have ca­ta­pul­ted peoples also backwards across the Causcasus Mountains - Hittites and Armenians.

 is a standard and reference book.

 contains numerous names of female and male trolls.

 has several photos, p 79, p 113, p 144, of similar rock formations on the peninsula of Gower. That one on p 123 should have been 6000 years ago even more similar to a cube.

 does not necessarily imply that this woman came by a direct migration of agriculturalists over land from the Near East into the later Germanic area - a shipping route with Semit(id)ic Megalithicians around Western Europe also is possible - and even more likely, since the advanced me­galithic civilisation, es­pecially in Western France and in England, but also in Scandinavia, is unthinkable without agriculture!

 Since the DNA originates in the eastern Mediterranian it weights the two possible routes of the Megalithicians
 🔸from Tartessos in Southern Spain with a migration in the two directions east and north (Vennemann), or
 🔸from the Levant - say Atlit Yam - with a migration westwardwards via Tartessos into Northern Europe
in favor oft he second one, both partly on the Pytheas-route, but 4000 years earlier and possibly well-known to him.

 is a treasure trove with further must be exploitet.

 is like [WBS] an easy to read dictionary of Arabic the words of this language also being written in Latin letters.

 has the notable statement  the name ,wend'+ does exist in and only in the area of the urnfield culture.

 notes nearly all our arguments for diagram W together with Udolph's result p 317. However, 100 bChr he already assumes the Venetians as Sla­vic, p 318.

 at a dune some 1.8 km southeast of the confluence of river Dömnitz into river Stepenitz.

 He assumes those Egyption words we use here as being Semitic loans.

 reconstructs the Germanic migrations from the written records - also before bChr.

 summarizes in chapter II the similarities of Basque with several language groups. To date in literature nothing else has been unearthed.

 does not convince in opposing [p 328] the early Basquebecause of too many water-related notions in Basque containing  *i (t) + or  *i (t) s+ :
 Already [p 353] he adds  i zoztu ≡ freeze, [p 354] then  i zozte ≡ ice / frost, [p 355]  i tsaso ≡ ocean, in von Charpentier [vCh p 168]  i txaso a / i tsaso a ≡ (the) sea  ( the article a suffix ),  i tsotc a ≡ rime, i thotcea ≡ (to) drown,  i thur i a ≡ (the) spring, [p 328]  i zok i n ≡ salmon  and  i zurde ≡ dolphin, in Ven­ne­mann [Ven p 854]  i z oztrum ≡ icicle,  i z+alde  a river south of Bilbao.
 In the face of this list we prefer to conclude, that late Latin  esocina ≡ Lachs  resp.  mend i ≡ mont ≡ mountain / hill  are loans from Basque into Latin and Cel­tic, rather than conversely. And that the dolphin in some Basque provinces, presumeably in those along the sea, got a prefix with  g , is no proof against  *i z+. It may be fishermens slang. In every dictionary we findand more examples derived from them, the roots of which only can be  water . Indirect conclusions here are superfluous since there is the Basque idiom[ Kün Wasser ]. We also do not follow his derivation of the name Biarritz. Deriving this name from a late personal name - if there is no direct pas­sed down per­son we generally assume the opposite direction of overtaking - the traditional derivation  bi+­har­ri+itz ≡ two+stones+water  instead is more like­ly - look at the two rocks in the bay in front of Biarritz, which at the time of the Basque expansion some 9000 years ago were larger.
 🔸 Trask himself mentions. that later crossings by Gothic and Suebian tribes through the Basque coastal areas did not leave any trace in the Bas­que lan­guage, that is the Basque language is astonishingly elementary. This should hold also in Romen times! Then it is more likely, that loans from *Vas­co­nic rather than into *Vasconic took place. Hence a loan from  bi ≡ two  from *Vasconic into very early Latin becomes thinkable. Because a de­ri­va­tion from Basque, which contains only this very old notion, is more likely than a derivation from proto-Indo-European  dve ≡ two into *Vasconic.
 *Vasconic being subdued in the fertile flatlands in the middle of Europe, in Aquintaine and the Gascogne it still was spoken till the pressure by the ad­ja­cent Celts and Italics increased such that the Basque language survived only in the mountains.

 On p 119 he writes on the homeland of the Marser between Lippe and Ruhr, and that they took refuge in the interior of the area, probably the waste­land of the Senne. Therefore the Brilon plain can have belonged to the Cherusker - point (a) in [Le i] above.

 This also is depicted in [ Str p 317 Abb 10 ].

 His non-acceptance of Vennemann's *Vasconic theory does not deliver a discrepancy since he only describes the genesis of the Germanic lan­guage, which in the earliest appeared in history around the year 800 bChr. At this time the northern tribe of the urnfield-culture alreay was for 1400 years in close con­tact with *Vasconic and megalithic tribes such that we understand their part in the new language as being typical Germa­nic. On­ly be­cause of that we can extend their area north of th Hartz mountains to the south into Thüringen, i.e. one main center of the urn­field-culture. En­coun­tering non-Indo-Eu­ro­pean parts of Germanic one can apply Vennemann's theory - like in the following case of Si­lesia.

 backtracts p 353 the name  Schlesien ≡ Silesia  to the Wandalian Silingen, which like its Slavic-Silesian version goes back to a pre-Slavic and pre-Ger­ma­nic name of a water body with the root s i l +. This arises the question whether it goes back to the Venetians / Brieger or [Ven] even has a *Vas­co­nic ety­mology. The numerous relations between Baltic and Adria vote for the first - urnfield - approach, against the second that s i l + does not ap­pear in Ven­ne­mann's *Vasconic hydronomy.
 🔸 Nonetheless we assume the name  Schlesien  being of *Vasconic origin since  the shimmering one  squares well with river Oder ! This name simp­ly did not survive the Indo-European invasion - they called the biggest river of this area as the water.

 is a hint - yet a complete poof - for our assumption that the battle of Conerow triggered the 2nd Indo-European wandering.

 classifies the early languages in the middle of Europe into *Vasconic, Indo-European and megalithic = semitic parts. Because of his nu­me­rous con­vin­cing etymologies - and those which thus become possible - we follow this theory without restrictions.

 🔸 His identification of the Central-European and Balkan agriculturalists with the Indo-Europeans before (2200) bChr still has to be pro­ven. Sin­ce their lan­guage is unknown, this must happen from genetics. We think, that they were *Vasconic.
 🔸 The two parts of his theory are too voluminous to be reviewed here. Principally his etymologies are straightforeward, the counter-ar­gu­ments of some - re­presentative [ Tra ] - are hard to please.
 🔸 Up to now the incoming analyses of genetics confirm his point of view - his, not those ones of his adversaries !

 The Semit(id)ic half of this theory is not new but already was purported before 1900. The huge number of examples makes it from a collec­tion of theses to a theory. These etymologies comply with a descendence of the Indo-Europeans from the Maikop-culture, which from (6000) b Chr on developed into the Kurgan-culture of the Southern Russian steppe, and which led to a time and again out-migration of people and to the ge­ne­sis of tribes and lan­guages.
 Around (2200) vChr the incoming of Indo-Europeans in Western Europe - not yet into Italy, Spain and Britain - was completed. Scandina­via and the ge­ne­sis of the Germanic language remains a particular case - see the remarks in [Büc] above.

 discusses the subgrouping of Arabic among the Semitic languages, p 230ff.
 🔸 This volume is dedicated among other problems to the many undecided etymologies along the coastlines of the North Sea, p 359, and sol­ves some of those in detail, but for sure not all - even if we include those which we are dealing with on these pages.

 we interprete differently from the author in order to implement Udolph's localisation of the ur-Celts in the middle of France.
 🔸 His diagram on page 528 votes for the Italics to be the folk between Celts and Germanics. However, the Celtic word pool still has to be sear­ched for Basque loans, and those would have to be compared with such loans into German(ic).

 with two maps picturing the geographical distribution of place names with brig, p 390 and p 394. According to him these occur frequent­ly where­as the typical Celtic +dunum is rare, p 364. This challenge votes for an asociation of the Brieger -invasion with the 2nd Indo-Euro­pean wan­de­ring.

 derives many place names from western Slavic Altpolabisch, not all of which have been accomplished, see [Gra] above. We considerab­ly re­duce his list further.

 summarises in detail the numerous attempts on the origin of the Venetians, for which we here give an explanation. Clearly one can take any of their later areas for their oriingal homeland. But this would imply to find a major reason for their huge expansion in all directions like ours, the battle at Co­ne­row in the Tollense valley. In addition one had add numerous etymologies of place names along their migrations.
 🔸The book is a rich source for many particulars on history and population of Northern Italy, which today are difficult to access.

 attributes Akkadian words of unknown origin by (u.H.), which hence may be Indo-European loans, for instance  ḫuli(j)am ≡ helmet  p 353. But not ne­ces­sarily those must have entered Germanic via the megalithic wandering.

  takes for the earliest date of the Celtic expansion (500) bChr which we would backtrack at most by (300) years. Earlier attributions to Celts we look at as Celtomania. Especially the latest uncoverings north of Munic, the gold hats and the sky disk of Nebra have nothing to do with the Celts. Even the site on the Christenberg north of Marburg seems to be pre-Celtic.

 Anmerkungen 1 to 4 refer to doubts on the derivation of this name from Germanic.

  refers p 854 to a non-Indo-European notion vesges or vesketei - and from there into Latin as uescos - adjusting the relation of two per­sons - adoption? It sounds like Basque. Even more Basque sounds  ves+keta+i ≡ kid­nap­ping. Is this the matter of fact of kidnapping in a tri­bal ge­no­cide? Then the Venetians would have to such an extend enslaved the *Vasconic autochtnonic population in their original home­land, the moun­tainous regions between the Oberlausitz and Vienna.

 show that the mountain range of the Caucasus has not barred early migrations. Because of the higher mobility after the domestication of the horse it re­mains open whether our assumption of a first migration of *Vasconic Bandkeramik people and a second one ( how much ?) later of Indo-Eu­ro­peans from Ea­stern Anatolia to Maikop will be genetically verified - see their chapter Discussion.

  derives German Schuppen from French  échoppe ≡ Krambude . Since it has no semantically convincing Indo-European connotation and is typi­cal sub­strat we conversely derive  échoppe  from a Basque substrat.

 subgroups p 33 the Indo-European languages into four parts - north: Germanic, Balto-Slav, Albanian - East: Indo-Iranian - south: Phrygian, Greek, Ar­me­ni­an - west: Celtic, Italic, Tocharian. We would like to exchange Albanian and Phrygian in order to make the Central European des­cendance of the Brie­ger → Phryger a theory.

 denotes Arabic entries also by Latin letters. In some cases we had to come back to this English translation of the first German or the 1979 trans­la­tion of the same publishing company, for instance p 178  the great  is in later editions no longer mentioned. Steingass'  es­tee­med ≡ ḥaẕiyy  translation [p 285] ex­presses nearly the same, but still needs nasalisation to get  Hinz. The Arabic forenames Hassan, Hussein may be mentioned in this con­text.

 denotes  +ān  [p 532] as suffix for singular -  nomen unitatis  - like Qafisheh denotes  +i i n  as plural [ Qaf p 606 ]. This edition is an easy-to-work-with Eng­lish translation. But we miss a list of Arabic letters in the introduction - like in Qafisheh - which could serve as a table of contents and an ex­pla­na­tion of his writing of Arabic letters.

 totally revised and enlarged 6th edition of the W e h r.

 use tables and maps, especially those on page 1191, to describe the trading of copper in the era of the latest prime of the megalith-culture. Thus they bridge archeologically the regions from Northern Wales up to the stream valleys of Elbe and Oder.
 🔸 In such a way not only the trading routes in Britain become visible but also the shipping routes into the Baltic. It remains to uncover one of their ships and reveal its construction. However, we assume that shipbuilding didn't change that much since their first arrival in the north around (4900) bChr up to the era of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain.
 🔸 Still missing is a comparable bridge for the early route from the Vendée to Wales Wales, like that one which is known for the much la­ter Ve­ne­tians.

 is a little bit too short - Biegung?

 write the Arabic terms also in Latin letters - hence like for instance [Wrh] and [Stg] are easy to read. Their notation is best aligned with a con­so­nant-based script:
 🔸 We write their  x-y-z  as  x ∧ y∧ z  - or with plus-signs - because the hyphen also has a different meaning.
 🔸 However, their x should be wriiten as German ch resp. English gh or kh since it still is part of English writing and Scottish pronunciation.
 They lack Kühnels [Kün] intermediate chapter of pre-, in- and suffices.

 now includes an English-Arabic dictionary.

 is a consistent, complete introduction to modern mathematics, starting from the logic of statements and using Leibnitz' epselontics -   t h e  text­book on modern mathematics.

 with a map of the megalithic sites of this era. It reveals clusters on the peninsuls Djurs in eastern Jutland, in Seeland, on Rügen, at the lo­wer ri­ver Peene and west of the Müritz. But the coastline of the North Sea and the western coast of Sweden are represented only spar­se­ly. This votes for a first wave of megalithic immigration - starting from Britain.

 From his Linear A term  ku-ro ≡ total  in section 10 b we can backtrack two sofar unexplained German resp. Germanic words - in four only mor­pho­logical steps with arbitration of vocals and arranged in such a way that the sum of the etymological distances in the horizon­tal se­quen­ce is minimal -

German		Basque		Linear A		Arabic		Germanic
				= ½ Eteocrete
				(Semitic)
	+n+ nasal.		s ↔ r		r ↔ l		k╱+
ganz [ ❓❓]	⟺	gaso	⟺	ku-ro	⟹	ku l l	⟹	a l l [ ❓❓]
	⦓ 1 , ident. ⦔	↕↕	⦓ 1 , ident. ⦔		⦓ 1 , ident. ⦔		⦓ 1 , ident. ⦔
		asko
		⦓ 2 , ident. ⦔

to Linear A and even to early Semitic and further to *Vasconic. Certainly the direction of the sound shift  ↕  remains undecided. It leads via the runic buckle of Pforzen directly to our version of the Nibelungenlied.

 demonstrate on the charts 4 and 6 how localized the domestication of Emmer to hard wheat in the Fertile Crescent was. We assume that the earliest megalithic settlers in Northern Europe had hard wheat and sheep on board, and that later the runic alphabet arrived in the same way - i.e. Vennemann's assertion.