| f o l k |
first published 14. Aug 2011 revised upload 13. Mar 2025 |
| Müller-Hirt 's Diagram |
mmmmnnn  the concepts folk, culture, race ( see below ) hence are in different components ❗mmmmmmmmmmmm |
the Lombardians / Greek where unions of faras / phratis, i.e. of not necessarilay related families | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Folk | The mathematical idea of this diagram is to represent the central square f o l k by an ordered series [ Wüs ] of the four rectangles at the periphery, like in differential geometry a manifold - which in general cannot be mapped onto a flat space distortion-freely - is described by means of an atlas i.e. a collection of local charts. Instead of describing a manifold directly it is identified with a collection of local charts, which completely overlap the manifold and the distortion errors of which are tolerable. The charts do not overlap, they are pairwise disjoint because a manifold in general is not embedded into a flat space. Hence the concept folk is an ordered quadrupel [Wüs]
A migrating folk develops different priorities than that people staying behind. Fixed social structures often are the main reason for leaving a country. Mallory explains that culture can rapidly change in a foreign environment, for instance burial rites, clothing, transition from a society on horse back to one of seafarers.
In the long mountain range in the middle of Europe, the names of which we backtrace directly to *Vasconic or to Basque ← *Vasconic , there till today are two residual peoples, the Gorals in southern Poland and northern Slovakia and the Szekler in the Carpathian arc. Probably the Gorals are Slavic-turned *Vasconics - their name simply meaning mountaineers - and the Szekler around the  Harghita-mountains Magyar-turned *Vasconics - their name simply meaning lowland dwellers.
This alone already is a strong argument for applying the *Vasconic theory to the Ur-Slavs as well - at a time when those still hided in the forests of the Carpathians, neighboring *Vasconics - the Antaii - such sidestepping the frequently passing of gory hordes on horse back in the open plains. Basq + ort, i.e. as Basque place. The name of river Ural, in which the Or empties, has been renamed after the mountains from ja i k, Basque tx i k i + z i o ≡ destruction. Since it never falls dry, in spring it has plenty of water meaning floods. Tschel + ja + binsk is situated at the foot of the Ural mountains, Basque tx i lar(d i) ≡ heather. Assuming the *Vasconics were integrated peacefully into the Ural-Altaic Turk-related peoples, integration into those languages as the ancients and later the noble ones is likely. South of river Ural the mountain range is continued by the Kazakh Mu + godscha + r range, the central sillable being similar to gora. Its highest elevation is the Bakt i + bar. The tributary Sakmar+a sounds like sakunera ≡ depth and sakan ≡ lowland, trough.There is one argument for a *Vasconic substrat in Bashkir which we do not follow: Bashkir bear is not of Celtic origin, but nearly perfect Turkish - like many Bashkir words, such that this language nearly is a dialect of Turkish. All this should be proved by interpretating names, language, tradtions and the genome, i.e. by means of the Müller-Hirt-diagrams. At any rate there is one hint for a residual *Vasconic population: The offical population of the countries where they today live in look at them as scorned substrat. In spite or may be because of this - at least in their today last residual - they were able to defend their culture. This especially holds for the Szekler, who in Rumania are denoted as Bozg + or ( an evil dirty word ), which either can be understood as someone from the Beskides or even directly as Basque. Bashkir, however, geographically is farfetched. Instead of assuming such migrations, more likely they are linguistic split-ups of an Europe-wide *Vasconic original settled population in various areas, i.e. a step by step first, slow bandkeramic-*Vasconic expansion long ago in the past. Summarizing we need a commutative diagram of Müller-Hirt-diagrams of Basques, Volcae (†), Gorals, Szekler and Bashkirs, in which perhaps the fifth component ✱ (below) singles out Szekler and Bashkirs,
Without non-trivial entries also in the other three components linguistic coincidences remain treacherous, like for instance expressions shared by Basque and various other langauge groups [ Tov Kap II ] - even when they are as striking as for the 350 between Basque and the three language groups around the Caucasus. An application of this network-thinking is the shared derivation of Gorals and Szekler as up- and lowlanders: gora ≡ up, +lar i / +le ≡ +ler, sakun ≡ trough, lowland. In the same way the name of Cesar's Sequaner ( in todays Franche Comté and to nordwest from there ) has to be explained, wherein the suffix +er also may have come into being by skipping l from the collective-suffix +er i a. Their (Swiss ?) center Condate sounds like being another example of Basque gandor-places.This definition of the complex notion folk by four components only makes sense, if we assume that these components are pairwise independent from each other. In one case this can become questionable - say that language becomes a special case of anthropology. For that one first had to structure language like in theoretical informatics, in which this is denoted as natural language. A first step would be to take language as union of all languages on earth. It then consists of considerably more than 24 sounds, denoted by single letters, from which the words are being formed. Words are defined as finite, ordered series of letters, for which there are groups of people to understand and use them. Next step presumably is the decomposition of sounds in equivalence classes, such that one can introduce on the set of equivalence classes mathematical structures - axioms. Which structures for now remains open - measures, topologies ( the discrete one always exists ), algebraic ones or automats❓ Probably none of those but new ones like that ones used in theoretical informatics for programming languages. These steps should have parallels in the human genome, given that any genome consists of only four molecules, which can be arranged in a huge number of chains. Question: On a subset of these chains does there exist a language structure which is isomorphic to the the structure of actual language❓ Certainly they cannot be equal since physically they are different, one being acoustics. If this is possible language would become a branch of anthropology. | ordered quadruples and mannif0lds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion and Agression | Religion, like social organisation, is not part of that - although we have to notice the difference between Semites and Indo-Europeans: Hebrews and Arabs are absolutely monotheistic, i.e. have a principle one god, Indo-Europeans have none, i.e. have the principle ¬ god. Typically Indo-European - ununderstandable for Jews and Arabs - to take god for an old man. And - because one doesn't want to be tributary of anybody, to inflate him. At the synod of Nicea 375 AD the trinity was enacted in Catholicism, which de facto means more gods. Without the reformatory Martin Luther today the Virgin Mary would also be some kind of goddess. The Islam believes that exactly because of that god had to send a new prophet. The Koran commences with the sentence, sacred for Moslems, God Is God And Mohamed Is His Prophet, wherein the meaning is Mohamed Is (only) His Prophet - pointed against christianity! In hinduism the old Indo-European pantheon has evolved to a pantheon of 1000 gods. And all of them are worshipped! Non-Semitic gods are part of tradition! After five generations outstanding personalities can rise to be looked as gods. One indication for that is if they are worshipped only in a limited area. *Vasconic examples are the those who gave their names to the Vosges and the Black Forest, the Schwarzwald, called abnoba mons by the Romans. Both local Celtic gods Vosegus and Abnoba, who only are known by less than ten artifacts found in that area and who are unknown to other Celtic tribes, likely were *Vasconic princes or even princes of the later urnfield-culture, if so emerging victorious against local *Vasconics, who later got the names of those for titles - which would be typical Roman. Or the Romans here also simply upgraded an ancestor from there to a god. We translate the name of the local goddess Abnoba ⭮ amona from *Vasconic ancestress ~ grandmother. the typical sound shift bn → m taking place in every language. That in ancient Basque no initial m did exist [ Tra ], does not imply that all Basque words with initial m's have to taken for foreign words or loans from another language, and therefore to deny all such etymologies from Basque into Ino-European. Ere, at, but also after overtaking a *Vasconic word into one of the Indo-European language groups, especially during the change of one language to a following one, such sound shifts may have happened - say m ← bn, nb, dn, nd, n, b, as shows this grandmother-example. Also possibly some of those m's only are rests of some longer syllables grinded down later. Missing initial r in Basque can be qualified likewise. The above Quadruple has to be kept open for another component ✱
Indo-Europeans have instead the (negative) principle of agression. One is inclined to rule and at the same time does not wish to be ruled. Denoting this on the negative branch of an axis reflection at zero gives the principle democracy - the optimum of not being ruled by somebody else. In Mideast this is rare, and the faith part of this axis is rare in the West. Part of this Indo-European principle is, to have no absolute gods above oneselve. Their power must be diminished by polytheism, and one derides them. Certainly this sometimes works in the Mideast and with the faith in the West. Indo-European agression implies imperialism, i.e. to reach out and to subdue foreign countries in order to settle down there. Actually a large part of western history, even that one of late and outside of Europe, is a series of Indo-European explosive expansions - the typical Wanderlust. Clearly something like this also happens with respect to other peoples, but not as frequently and not with such a chronological regularity:
🌀 Exactly here arises the question whether and what the religion of the Megalithicians contributes to the theory of the megalithic wandering into Northern Europe. There is a striking parallel - at Irish New Grange and the Maltese Tarxien temples there not only is the same stone architecture but also the spiral symbol engraved - together beyond any coincidence. K. Aartun [ Aar p 300 ] has the answer, connecting the Tarragona hieroglyphic inscription to the sex-part of the religion of Crete. Thus it is a religious symbol, comparable to the christian cross, the halfmoon of Islam or the swastika of the Hindus! But then what is the relation to the similar, only slightly more complicated labyrinth, the etymology of which we do considerably and the role of which we do somewhat better understand ❓ | a nearly periodic series of Migration Periods | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Archeology | 🧱Archeology at all times is fascinating. Here we encounter at the moment the biggest progress, especially in Germany. Some examples the battlefield of 1250 bChr at Conerow on river Tollense, the arrows of Roman catapults at the Harzhorn near Northeim, the Roman camp Hedemünden ← Munitium [ KMKL ], the battlefield near Kalkriese / Barenaue, the Roman forts at Olfen on river Lippe ( filling a gap ), the sky disk of Nebra / Memleben, the fossa carolina near Treuchtlingen has been finished and in use, the dead Markomanns in the Oberaden fort, the four gold hats, all of which from the Frankish / Suebian area, the gold jewelry excavated north of Munic, of newly discovered archeological sites. And outside Germany
the provenance of the weapons of the Sea Peoples from Venetia und Japygia [ JMMP ],
the time table of the Indo-European expansion [ G&A ]. Clearly not only new discoveries ( those also - the battlefield on river Tollense has been discovered by watchful amateurs !) but also and mainly by new archeometric methods leading to new and even dramatic insights. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lore 🟣 Sagas 🟣 Ancient Customs 🟣 Law | 🐉Sagas are everything passed down from generation to generation, not necessarily only written down traditions, also customs and especially mythology and legends. Setting aside some suspicious interpretations we believe in a historical content only if there is some correspondence in one of the other three components of a Müller-Hirt-diagram. Today historical research takes place in archives, but also in monasteries the libraries of which contain miles of literature never to be touched by anybody. In Europe it would be desirable to look at least for rests of literature which escaped annihilation by Ludtwig the Pious. For instance to construct an instrument for various wavelengths ( visible and unvisible ) to ray folios, especially their covers - clearly without destroying them.
Expectation: Not all of the old Germanic / German literature fell victim to the rage of Ludwig the Pious, An example for sagas are the obscene wall paintings Espectationbut was reused in covers of books, since paper was a precious commodity Espectation- or even was hidden in save places, say some caves near cloisters❓ Corvey's, which are un- and seem to be pre-christian. But as long as their exact date remains unknown, they cannot be taken for an indication for an origin from the Roman or christian era. Because how they should have escaped the rage of Ludwig the Pious? We urgentiy need a scientific analysis exactly here.We know that the Romans crossed river Weser because they were close to make Germania Magna a province. and therefore occupied in a first step all major locations up to the eastern border at river Elbe. For that the waterway along the waterkant would not have been enough - which also holds for that one river up the Ems. This one existed and was continued over land along the great fen near Barenaue / Kalkriese. But the major route continued river Lippe, where clearly the bulk of the Roman infrastructure came into being. Thus there are three likely Roman routes from river Lippe to river Elbe: 👣The northern one, passing by the Externsteine, where nearby meanwhile a Roman transitory camp has been excavated, 👣the middle route was up river Lippe, and from there crossing river Weser between Holzminden and Höxter ( here the Hellweg, also a harts-word ) continuing across the Solling, and 👣the southern route along a mountain ridge from Paderborn parallel to river Diemel to today's Karlshafen, where a large peninsula between two rivers would be a suitable place for another transitory camp and then from the eastern bank of river Weser up onto the Solling plateau and then towards the east. At all three routes there must have existed a bridge ( because this would be known this is the unlikely case ) at a narrow or a ford across the river, and - since the Romans usually secured such a strategic place - also a fortified outpost. In addition these Roman places have to be identified archeologically, if not being overbuilt in later times. In the case of Kloster Corwey we have to ask up to which amount the current architecture is of Roman origin. Roman camps along river Weser would have accessed by ship from the north sea and therefore networked with that one, discovered near Hede münden, the location Munition of the antique sources [ KMKL ]. We can even conclude that Anreppen plus Hedemünden imply at least one Roman camp on river Weser and even more than one along that river and at the route along the ridge parallel to river Diemel, which Wilhelm Leise describes convincingly. Music at all times plays an outstanding role in any society, especially when cultures and empires endure many centuries. At any time music and military brass belong together. We know that the Romans had a highly developed military music. Music was an important part of military ceremonies, and the Germanic fascination of the Roman Empire to a large extend goes back to its military and musical ceremonies. For instance when Cesar Tiberius went down river Lippe, going onboard in Anreppen, he likely had to stop overnight at several Roman camps, where he was welcomed with a military ceremony, probably including a permanent military music band. When in the year 15 Germanicus started his raid through Germania Magna ( in Aliso = Oberaden? this camp was large enough ) with a grand parade which terminated any critique and motivated his legions. Without music this unthinkable. When he buried the blood-curdling remains of the Clades Variana this likewise should have occured with an impressing ceremony and formidable sepulchral music. Indeed the Franks and later the Germans always took their empire for a part of the Roman one, and this included music. This rises the question, whether and if why there is no lore of that music. What is taken for tradional music is Middle Age sacred music and a sort of spoof of folk music, both totally unable ( unlike South-African Zulu- and Celtic bagpipe music ) to wow Roman legionairs, Middle Age lansquenets or modern military. Ansatz:
🎼 Our militaty music originates directly from the Romans, conveyed by Middle Age armies of lansquenets. A proof needs some sheet music ( perhaps hidden in a monastic library ), given that something like this exists for sacred music.
At any rate it is a striking fact that the music of the German großer Zapfenstreich, which we think is of Roman ( not say of Prussian ) origin, has no known composer. Therefore we have to look at that music as an - at least - two millennia old lore. Another striking example is 🗾 Scott Littletons [ ScL ] edgy theory on Skythian-Ossetian influences in China, Korea and especially [ Japan ]. Sumerian ba.ra.g+ ≡ to spread [ P&W p 42 ] makes Brieger a shared (ur-)word from the shared era in Eastern Anatolia. At best it is a hint for Sumerians and - according to Parpola hence also related Ural-Altaians - were included, but split from the ur-Semitics ( at the same time ?) when the (ur-)Semitics and ur-Indo-Europeans did. Whence also the second name of the urnfield-culture people of central Europe comes into sight: We find in Egyptian Arabic wanas ≡ companionship [ B&H p 954 ], hence the etymology of Venetians / Wenden . Herein s ↔ ṯ ↔ d does not present any challenge since the example [ B&H p 939 ] wasan ≡ i dol, Götze ≡ waṯan [ WrC p 1048 ] describes differences in dialects only. Thus this sound shift may be a Semitic heritage. Or - we use Standard Akkadian ummatu ≡ main body, people, nation [ PW𐏉 p 279 ] - making sense because of the vast urnfield-culture territories in the middle of Europe. However, the route of both names from Sumer resp. early Arabic to the urnfield-Indo-Europeans remains to clarify. Since the Grimm Brothers, local lore in the form of fairy tales plays an important role. Systematically there are two procedures. The Grimm one simply collects fairy tales, then trying to relate them to localities. This encounters the difficulty that fairy tales do migrate. The other one is purely geographical: At special places one only has to investigate local lore, an extreme example being the Loreley. In this approach fall remote localities, which, however, in the middle of Europe are no longer easy to find. One example is the Saterland, where the Frisian language and the Vogelsberg, where the expression Knuut for a hammer have survived till today. There are three striking *Vasconic place names: Etzean at the dead end of a lonely road into the southern Odenwald, Gaishart north of the Riesalb at river Danube and Zederhaus south of the Großglockner mountain at the dead end of a paved road - the tale of the sourcerer on the Großglockner does fit here exactly. Jurisdiction, especially its tradition, is more than pure invention, i.e. more than mythology. But it needs a more detailed linguistic investigation, comparable to T. Vennemann's one of the Germanic world of gods and the runic alphabet. In a seminar held 2017 in New York the similarity of the Hebrew and the Germanic law was asserted, the latter - different from the canonical law of the Romans in which laws are written up in a book of laws - referring to enacted verdicts, i.e. to tradition. This similarity is plausible because the Germanic languages contain, due to the Davis - Morris Jones - Pokorny - Vennemann theory, a ur-Semitic superstrat part - law is typical superstrat. Therefore some of its notions should have an ur-Semitic etymology:
| since ,Überlieferung' is difficult to prononce for Anglo-Saxons, one should use ,lore' or Islandic ,sagas', which is more than German ,Sagen'  along river Weser archeological surprises still are to be excavated music and soldiery parallel each other since the beginning historical figures also are the giant Mils, mountain troll Rübezahl, the sleeping beauty, and at least translated are the Loreley, Ulysses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language and Etymology | 🔊Language, especially the Indo-European ones, probably is the most researched science worldwide. Since the first study of the etymology of an Indo-European language by the Jesuit Xavier hundreds of books, journals and articles appeared. However, virtually to any idea there is at least one scientific school which opposes exactly this idea. Clearly we here are dealing with probabilities. Hence it makes sense to introduce mathematical notions, say that one of a commutative diagram, which [ Ven ] frequently does. Finding not only one etymology, but also a second related one, and if in addition one finds a second such pair, the total likelihood exceeds the sum of the likelihood of the four terms. This holds a fortiori if one finds a second - and a third and fourth - such diagram. And it holds also for sequences of etymologies - say toponymes in a line. In order to completely transfer the 2nd cohomology of algebraic structures to language there one has to define the concept exact. The aim is to make the probability of coincidence converge to zero. First of all we mathematically define resp. denote
A counterexample is given by German / English einst ≡ once. It looks like being from the semantic field of one. But exactly this is unlikely because it describes the relation between two dates and hence should be derived from two, parallel to Basque bide ≡ way, a space-like relation of two places. Therefore a take-over from Basque antzina is more likely. Standard-examples are gandor and gora from the same neighborhood, because both may be taken as being derived from the other resp. closing includes both, if we take nd for one sound. For the direction of the take-over ↔ or ⭮ / ⭯ of a word from another language we hence get the rule
The relation, such introduced in language, is reflexive and symmetric, but is it also transitive? For an equivalence relation, which decomposes language in classes of equivalent words, say in neighborhoods or semantic fields, one has to walk more steps, for instance to decompose composed terms and to treat the parts as own words. For instance in echo ≡ harribizi = harri + bi + zi ≡ stone + 2 (similar to) and echo ≡ oihartzun = oi + hartz+tzun ≡ cry + rock + floating even four semantic fields participate, and it remains which field this is part of. Therefore in addition to closed there must be a notion reducing in a language, i.e. a decomposition of (merged) words into stems, pre- and suffixes. Then we define [language] as the set of equivalence classes of the relation
For grammar we have to introduce another equivalence relation such that its classes become the substantives, objects, verbs, prepositions ... , in order to find s o v , if this is typical for that language. Instead of looking for Basque etymologies of European toponymes we can reverse the procedure. For instance we can try to find suharri+a ≡ Feuerstein+der ≡ flint in toponymes, arriving at Schwarza, which is found in many areas of Europe, for instance frequently in Germany - once south of the Black Forest. baso+sute ≡ forest fire is no solution therefor. Hence we have to look for flint deposits along the numerous Schwarza-rivers. Hence the Portugeese family name Soares and Spanish Suarez may come from Basque rather than from much later Germanic. Therefore consider the Schwarzwald, i.e. the Black Forest, itself. Usually its name change from Latin adnoba mons to Schwarzwald is traced back to its dark forests. But because of its north-south orientation it never is dark, because nearly the whole day the sun shines directly on its ranges. Probably a *Vasconic flint wood became a German Schwarz wald. And indeed in the Markgräflerland in visibility range east of Kandern and the southern range of the Black Forest there are running excavations of a flint industry 4000 - 2000 bChr [ Ka i ]. There seems to have existed even a shipment of flint down rivers Kander and Wiese towards river Rhine.Conversely we have in Basque beltz ⭯ black - a possibility. This well-known assumption leads per sound shift in turn to assume Greek melas ≡ black being of Pelasgian origin, hence pre-Greek. The etymology of schwarz sofar is unknown [ KS schwarz ], and English swart, swarthy should be mentioned in this context. Interpreting outgoing +tz as action, actually blackening ≡ belz+tu, then remains the root bel - perhaps initially lengthened and only pronounced shortly because of this suffix. Thus we catch bel ⭯ Bühl ~ hill with dark forest, Bühl ⭯ Pichl being in German the older expression for hill. This explains the names of numerous mountains and mountain ranges. To identify the language of the first settlers of an area we follow Vennemann and his forrunners [ Ven p 970 ]: Overwhelmingly toponymes were exact descriptions of what you see is what you get, i.e. names were a means of orientation. After a change to a new language of an incoming people the meaning was forgotten and this description became a name. Often the new population simply added her own notion to the old one, example Bad Ur+ach on the Swabian Alb - which even could happen a second time, example Lake Chiem+see.
Ur-words, i.e. words which are common to all languages remain an open problem. Onomatopoetic lall-words do not prove anything since they are shared by too many languages. In general we doubt the existence of such ur-words, since we assume that genetics will disprove the out of Africa-hypothesis, resp. will date such a theory considerably backwards. Probably there were numerous waves of emigrations out of Africa, the first one more than a million years ago and before the anatomical existence of a human language apparatus and the split of the species pithek and homo. Yet there remains the existence of basic insights, shared by several ( but not all ) peoples, which can be derived from a single root. For example water, to water [ P&W ]
 ,
Probably already the proto-Indo-Europeans of Maikop included the *Vasconic substrat from south of the Caucasus Mountains - i.e. before the split into the Indo-European language groups. Thus common words like
⸻🦎 i ge l ≡ f rog -complex i gel ⭯ f+rog → F+rosch [❓❓], M+olch [unk], Laich [unk], Lurch [unk], leech, Egel [unk] ❗ ( use ⇄ , l ↔ r , m ↔ f )
How freely floating are b and w in the Basque language reveal the examples b i lo / i le ≡ hair, contained in Loreley, and b+i zkar ≡⭯ stark - given that also azkar ≡⭯ stark - b+eren ⭯≡ your(s), W+olle ⭮ ule ≡ hair [ Eld inlunbe ] and w+ax ⭮ ezko ≡ wax [ Ven p 808 ]. Likewise conflicting we have to look at the Germanic word all(e), which we assume to be a shared ur-word - Arabic kull ≡ all. The diagram
Here we may invoke the name of the Basque themselves [ Ven p 808 ]: V+asc+ones ⭮ euzka+ ≡ Basque. It hence is their proper name with the typical prefix b+ added. A further striking example is Basque b+eg i ≡ eye, which has an excellent Indo-European etymology. However, even self-explaining, hence more convincing, is *Basque b i+i kus(i) ≡ two+view - which votes for a very early sub- / superstrat contact of both languages. In the Kröv er Reich, a German Landkreis, above a tributary of river Mosel Ma(ha)l+berg
Another convincing example is the - with a weak Indo-European tie [ KS wild ] - w + i ld ⭮ olde ≡ wild, wildness ( and from here German Wald and wood, bold ?), wherein we have to assume, that initial Germanic w comes from Basque omnipresent b, like also in water. In the same way L + e i ste ⭮≡ i zta i and oven ⭮≡ l+abe give otherwise unexplainable etymologies [ KS Leiste, Ofen ]. With initial st ( perhaps from tx i ≡ small ?) also can be seen here as a match (st+) eig (+en) ⭮ igo ≡ steigen which explains the Steiger + wald *Vasconic as a forest with not so steep slopes and likewise convincingly Geisel gasteig in Munic. And also the color blue
Taking this for anchoring and the fact that some flints have a black cover, then in the Basque diagram of colors
Hence if Basque hor i has the same meaning in Old-Indian [ KS gelb ] we have to assume a very early, close contact between - eventually even a merging of early Indo-Europeans and *Vasconic speaking people. This also explains the similarity of zur i ≡ weiß and moreover of some numerals. Incidentally hor i is secured in Basque by the hyacinth as yellow band , compare blue. or l eg i ≡ gree+n , with +n ← +b in an above suffix (?), at a pinch works because of l → r as well. Basque beltz ≡ black seems to contain a reminder of the z in schwarz, the first part of this word then would be Indo-European *bel ≡ white ? This must be explained. Sometime a shortfall, replacement or shortening takes place not only for a sound, but for a syllable or even a whole word, example Ge+schirr ⭮≡ ba+xera, which further increases the number of *Vasconic etymologies of German words. Therefore we get for the Brenner in Tirol with bide ≡ path and urren ≡ far a *Vasconic long disance path, which blends into the German long distance net of Rennwege and -steige.Is it possible to subsume m+endi ≡ mont and l + and ≡ land here as well? | a bibliography would exceed a book with 1000 pages color examples | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Etymology and Folk-Etymology | Crucial premise for any historical and comparative linguistics is the analysis of space (where) and time (when). Results hence essentially must be ranked physically. If impossible chronology is the first task. Long-distance wanderings often are challenged, or are looked at „too far fetched" in order to be excluded. At most the nearest neighborhood comes into consideration, for example the Phrygians „have to be" from Thracia because Herodotus tells so. Tthe latest results of genetics now prove without any doubt [ Ba l ], [ SM& ] those migrations, and that the Egyptian steles were not only propaganda or bad translations. Also the DNA of the iceman from the Similaun originates in Anatolia − affirming our proposition that the *Vasconics come from eastern Anatolia, perhaps with a detour via Sardinia and Corsica − confirm old assumptions of before 1900.
⸻⸺In the year 2025 gene analysis will have clarified all major prehistoric wanderings ❗ This leads to the even more questionable age dating, given that the origin of peoples ( in the sense of a Müller-Hirt-diagram ), if there is no known migration, usually are assumed to be exactly there where they live today, cue Slavophilia or at least they lived later, cue Celtomania [ LW& p 314 ]. Curta's tables [ Cur ] are fitting nicely in this regard. In principal the first question must be which era?, see Erhart in [ Erh ]. Applied to the Indo-Europeans this is the above schedule line of
This can be seen from the place names Gon+dorf ⭮ Contr + ava 865 aChr on river Mosel [ För p 1139 ] ( hence another Contr, followed by another southern apa and after germanized ) and not far from there, St. Goar, Goars + hausen, where a creek Grindel+bach empties river Rhine. Both are gandor-names. At Gondorf sufficed adding only one f to make the name understandable in the new language, at St. Goar the arrival of a foreign saint sufficed to adjust this name.That is why we recommend a technique in science, which may lead to the immediate rebuttal of an assertion: Ask „how does the author use time and space"? If the answer does not satisfy it's likely only a folk-etymology. The leeriness against has been nicely described in [ Erh p 305 ]. It goes back to his teacher V. Machek, in a country, in which linguistics was too often misused for the assertion of political claims. Two typical examples of folk-etymology are the derivation of Munic from some non-passed down monks, and that one the of the great uncle, i.e. the big toe, from some hypothetical uncle. How do folk-etymologies come into being? If a tribe arrives in an only thinly populated area names will be needed for orientation as an exact description of the place, i.e. wysiwig. This works only if the definition of etymology contains an axiom of isolation - i.e. there is a certain neighborhood in wich those facts do not occur twice, lest even more. This excludes chamots, wolves, alders, bushes etc. This is a condition for an appellation to become a name. If the population changes usually toponymes live on. But after a while the old language - and with it the meaning of the names - will be forgotten and one inevitably will try to understand names from the new language. That is why chamots, wolves, alders, bushes etc enter the thesaurus of toponymes. Folk-etymology is morphology without semantics. Often one has to invent a personal name for a hypothetical person. The relation between etymology and folk-etymology can be visualized, assuming linear independence of morphology and semantics - compare the complex number field. In the diagram
the horizontal axis parametrizes the number of sound shifts, cancellations and permutations of sounds. The likeliness of a genetic relation decreses at the right side. The upper right corner may be denoted as tingletangle. It makes sense to locate an etymology by its position ⦓ n , U ⦔ in this diagram with natural number n and semantics U. In the literature there are refinements of the semantic axis. As an example take akso ↔ gaso , the etymological distance of which being ⦓ 2 , identical ⦔ − meaning not too far − playing a decisive role in our deciphering of the Pforzen runic buckle. In these four (web)pages we assume the time order relation given by the two Indo-European migrations, known since before 1900. This concept has encountered some critique, described in [ See p 967 ], which we don't accept - given that DNA-analysis from 2015 [ H…R ] and even newer ones verify these old results convincingly. | ,folk'etymology always is the first ansatz, but fictitious forenames mostly are erroneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ✍ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mythology, Etymology and the Merowingians | To differ in mythology fictitious from passed down facts can only partly be solved with the help of etymology. If that works it becomes historiography, like we are going to show by means of the example of the Franconian dynasty of the Merowingians. We follow T. Vennemann's merging of the theory of a homogeneous *Vasconic first settled population in most of Europe with the theory of a megalithic settling along the North- and the western part of the Baltic Sea. In addition we assume the pre-Indo-European Pelasgians in Greece as being *Vasconic. This assumption dates back to before 1900 [ Fi c ]. We totally follow here the notorious Roman historian Danelaos Fuscus, who 2000 years later was able to reconstruct this history. Having explained the name of the Francs from megalithic Semit(id)ic, like most Germanic tribes- and peoples names, the stunning diagram horror
The above link between two loose ends - Merowingians and labyrinth - gives rise to the question, how the tradition of such a sacral motivated kingship can ride out so many population changes. The first one from the megalithic culture to the invading Indo-Europeans - presumably shortly after 2000 bChr and long before the Celts - probably was plain sailing and after a cultural decline of 2000 years even peaceful and welcome. The clash of three peoples and a subsequent merging - we here assume this to be a kind of reunion, after a secession of several millennia, of the defensive Semitic-*Vasconic coalition with populous Indo-Europeans - must have let to the three necessary conditions
➺ two sound shifts, here the ➺ Germanic and the ➺ German one,
for the tripartition of the Germanic world❗ These three conditions clearly are not sufficient, but are - since they are not fulfilled for any other language group in Europe - a strong hint for this understanding of prehistory.➺ a tripartite heaven of gods ➺ Vanir, ➺ Asir and ➺ giants - Riesen - including witches - Hexen - and dwarfs, ➺ two classes of oral lore ➺ the world of sagas, describing the fight of the ( mostly noble ) Indo-European majority against & the ( mostly noble ) Semitics, most of them with Indo-European and Semitic proper names, ➺ the world of fairy tales, describing the fight against the ( mostly mean ) *Vasconics and also ➺; with the ( mostly evil ) giants, witches and dwarfs with mostly *Vasconic proper names, The last point suggests the search for *Vasconic / Basque proper names, which appear in fairy tales
| dates back too much fictitiously far into the past | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Etymology and pre-Hellenic Mythology | We assume that the proto-Semitic religion of the megalithic culture influenced that one of the Pelasgians - say in Crete - who passed it down from their language into Greek, which, however, independently with the megalithic culture came to Northern Europe. There it became manifest in their architecture but also in the well-known labyrinths along the coastlines, see Kern and Simek. They also discuss the role of Wieland - whom we assume *Vasconic - and of the so-called W i l and häuser.
| we are in a language and mythology 2-axes sub-diagram of a Müller-Hirt-diagram | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bears and Basques | An argument - in fact a very strong one - for Basque, i.e. *Vasconic, being more ethnic than other languages is given by the analysis of the semantic fields of some Basque notions. In a first step we define the notion harts-word by a semantic-field-diagram
In the animal kingdom bears are the closest related species to hominids. Their split ( where? we still miss a DNA-answer to this anthropological question ) must be dated backwards at least 10 million years, presumably triggered by adaptation to different environs. The ones developed brute force and speed, the others manual skill, intelligence and living in clans. The first clash for sure took place when early man invaded Europe in the rough north, to which the bear was better adapted. Because of the near relationship both became competitors, especially for housing - caves - and even feeding foes. The skirmish came to a decision when manual skill led to mastering fire, against force and speed cannot compete. Henceforth the bear was exterminated, at least the species which competed the most with humans for housing - the cave bear. The other species were pushed away into areas inaccessible to humans. With the passage of time the bear became mythical because of its similarity to men. In many languages its name became a tabu. In Germanic it was called the brown one, in Slavic ( and in Hungarian ) med+ved ≡ who knows honey, in Baltic med+ko. And exactly this also is the case in Basque - hartz ≡ rock dweller ~ who lives in the rocks. And exactly this makes the bear a problem solver: In all Indo-European language groups - from Celtic artz via Latin ursus to Sanskrit ŗ*kşa - Basque hartz is contained in. The problem is the direction of loan. If Basque would have taken over this notion from Indo-European our whole theory would fail. Since this word has the large semantic field in Basque described in the above semantic diagram, but in Latin a less broad one ( even if roc ≡ rock is included ), the direction hartz ⭯ ursus, artz is more likely than its converse. Given Assyrian asu ≡ bear [ P&W ] - clearly sound shifted with non-Germanic and non-Slavic Indo-European - these Indo-European notions turn out to be tabu-paraphrases for the bear as well. There also is a striking relationship of Basque har+petan ≡ hole ∼ stone+under with Assyrian ḫarrā ᦱ u+ūt i ≡ miners, ḫarru ≡ hollow, dug up and ḫarrāru ≡ (to) dig, hollow out, root about , which are close to this semantic field. And ḫarbu ≡ subsoil-plough is morphologically close, though semantically the distance is larger. It is straightforeward to ask for a relation to other language groups - Caucasian, Finno-Ugric and Ural-Altaian. Here everything bodes well with our assumption of an East-Anatolian origin of all three language groups, *Vasconic being the original language from which the other two language groups split some (10,000) years ago. To go back as far seems natural, given that the first letter of the alphabet ℵ ≡ aleph ⭯ α can be read as artificial cave in front of natural cave. Only later it developed to the sign for house. This would also explain the similarity of Basque harr i ≡ stone, ha(rka) i tz ≡ rock, hartz ≡ bear with Semitic q+r+t ≡ town, city and (Indo-) Germanic hard, artz ≡ bear - only by the well-known Indo-European wanderings. | bears solving the problem — a strong argument for a derivation from Basque | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More general - inserting syllable division - to begin with from the table
Numerous German mountain ranges have +ha i n, Hain+ich in their name. Tentatively we can use here Basque wood ≡ o i han ⭯ Hain , although Umf(o i han) is small. Many mountians of the type +hahn would likewise become understandable, for instance the Hild+es+hahn south of Arnsberg, close to the Hardt, 12 km to the east existing once more. |
not conversely ursus → hartz Grat → gandor Alp → aldapa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The „Number Theory" of Language |
The distinction between neighborhood and semantic field sometimes is somewhat ambiguous. For instance o i hartzun ≡ cry + rock + false is element of the neighborhood although looking at the first sight as belonging to the field. The selection of foreign words also can be tricky. For instance b i sta ≡ sight, view is made by the same design as b i de ≡ ↔ way as a relation between two locations, but for sure is a take over of Latin vista into Basque. If the Romance word would have been lost we had to conclude that it is Basque. This leads to the question whether b i de is a loan from Indo-European way or is part of the * Vasconic substrat of Germanic. In the dictionary BD hidden and hideout are elements of one neighborhood, because +lako means because and +an means in. If |M| denotes the number of elements of a finite set M, define its broadness, German Mächtigkeit eines Wortes einer Sprache, by
We would like to apply this argumentation on both Tocharian languages, resulting in a much later split from Indo-European than that of Gray & Atkinson [ G&A ] - actually a split from the southern urnfield-culture of the northern Balkan. We exclude foreign and loan words ( if we reckognize them ) from the following line of arguing. Loan words are defined as foreign words which underwent at least one sound shift. We denote the remaining rest ur-words. Hence loan and ur-words are indistinguishable at the first impression. Russian berloga ≡ bear's den e.g. is in the neighborhood of bear ≡ med ved via a Germanic loan word. The real Slavic name of the bear remains unknown since its Indo-European name also is unknown. Like number theory only is a tiny part of mathematics, this hairsplitting only a part of language, even if one augments it by a systematic theory of word-construction. Syntax is another part. An example is posing the aricle as a suffix in some, but not all, Indo-European language groups. The proto-Indo-European language didn't have articles, which still is the case in Slavic. That is one of the reasons that Slavic is assumed to be a late split from this proto-language. In Germanic the article mostly is initial, only sometimes a suffix. Therefore we may ask whether this floating handling is a loan from other languages, here say from *Vasconic, where it is the suffix +a of a substantive. Since we have described the entire arc of the Carpaths, from the Beskides to Bessarabia, here already as *Vasconic, we conclude, that the local Indo-Europeans, the Dacians, heterodyned a *Vasconic substrat. This was handed down to the Romanian language of today - which as only offspring of Latin has the article in the end - meaning passing Latin, they handed this down to the Albanian language on their way to the south to Albania. | part of glottochronic ¬ cardinality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe Africa Asia | More Basque geographical etymologies, mentioned in the Wikipedia, are those of Europe, Africa and Asia ( for all three continents there are several more or less plausible ones ) given in the following (striking) Basque-German dictionary, in which we express second thoughts on the direction of overtaking - based mostly on [ KS ] - by an arrow in both directions ↔ :
Comments to select entries: 🌇 [Kün p 90], there are more *Vasconic suffixes possible. If Stadt has this derivation the question arises, whether and which settlements +stadt / +stedt / +statt have no foundation saga, given that often this enables a Latin derivation! Numerous +esch+names could be subsumed here. The proportional blow up of the house to the town and of the hut to the house is surprising. Does it mean that invading herders met a sedentary population? The (above) etymology of house, which according to [ KS Haus ] is unclear, only is working with the unusual sound shift tx → h , which we assume only because of the location Haus + lab + joch where the iceman of the Similaun was killed. Oven is assumed to be a loan from a non-Indo-European substrat [ KS Ofen ], being also Slavic like in (Buda) pest, see also [ Eic Nachtrag 2 ]. But why oven and house in Hauslab joch developed differently remains unclear. The development of house may have occurred via German hausen, which has a second substrat-meaning for to live in. 🏯 A somewhat ambitious derivation of Baude, being an obstacle hitherto. But it has one advantage - meeting, coming together befits still today the Bauden of the Riesengebirge-mountains, and all those are situated in the Hercynian forests and even only there. Moreover German Bude contains a stronger feeling of to meet than German Zimmer ≡ room - and also contains a whiff of plebeian, i. e. substrat jargon. An even stronger argument is that bud also is part of the place names Brom berg, Bautzen, Bud weis, Mährisch-Bud witz and Buda pest - hitherto without convincing etymologies. The first four names are supposed to came from west-Slavic into German, Buda into Hungarian - but this from earlier Germanic. So we assume that they were used by Goths and Vandals, and perhaps even before by Brieger and Venetians of the Lusatian culture, and became Slavic only later. They all are situated along north-south-variants of the amber-route.Since an Indo-European etymology does not convince [ KS ], we assume here *Vasconic, given that then the wysiwyg-principle is a splendid hit: They all have a hill, which can serve as a fortified kernel of a settlement and as a meeting place. In Bromberg the second part of its Slavic name can be understood as Gothic. Hence this place is an assembling place of the Gothics. The second syllable in Bautzen looks like one of the many Basque suffixes with tx ( or only +en ), better preserved in German than in Sorbic. 🌈 The standard sound shifts g → u resp. r → l and, omitting the s, also z → t applied and then mirrowed. Given g → h we get the etymology of height. But then Tocharian [ KS hoch ] should not be dated from [ G&A ], but much later - which because of its similarity with the western Indo-European languages seems to be likely. Hence did the Tocharians integrate late in their long trip to the east ( from the Balkan ?) a large substrat (which one?) - like the model English-French? ╬ Low class, thereto pushed aside or dialect words [AW], [Kün], which except Quatsch are encountred basicly in *Vasconic areas ( i.e. the highlands ) of the German-speaking countries. Swebian-Alemannic is here strongly represented. Hence
is the development from Germanic to Highgerman The diagram- especially the second, the German sound shift from Low- to Highgerman - induced by earlier *Vasconic influence from the highlands rather than by the Latin languages❓
Again this rule has an exception - the name dog: Basque txa+kur ≡ dog cannot be a loan given that it has the onomatopoetic meaning big / small + growl. Dogge / dog has to be a loan from Basque, an explanation like that one of the name bear❗ 🐕 Dogge even reminds a second syllable together with txa+ ≡ big+ / small+. Instead (West-) Indo-European uses the fact that this species is forming packs of between 50 to 150 dogs. Apply the *Vasconic theory also to the female dog, i.e. the old - hitherto unexplained - notion Zohe [ KS Zohe ]. The part
In all such cases the supplement (+)txa(+), (+)tx i(+), (+)txo(+) for scale explains many initial or (+)sch(+) endings or simply (+)s(+) of (High)German. Remark to our main reference Vennemann: Some of his etymologies seem to be literally far-fetched. His Basque example
Given the etymologies of so many toponymes one can try the wind rose, the etymology of which sofar is in question [ KS Osten, Süden, Westen, Norden ] :
horma sometimes is derived from Latin forma with the meaning formedte wall. But since forma already is Basque with the same meaning, such a double loan is a little bit unlikely and semantically also unclear. Why should a wall be formed - it is not formed - and why the meaning ice / frost was added?
In the diagram ❋ the direction north does not convince in the same way as the other three ones. Therefore we assume that horma later was changed to the name of the highest god Njörd, given that this god had his home in Noatun at the northern ocean. Both names sound such similar that this name can be taken for a title and the proper name of Njörd has to be looked for among his numerous bynames. But in this case we have to surround the name of a dwarf with this name, since dwarfs never are Vanir. Anyway - the four dwarfs of the wind rose sound like being late fabrications, and Njörd has a convincing megalithic-Semitic etymology.
The four geographic orientations are a very early experience of mankind. Therefore their names should be very old. So it remains unclear why the most western *Vasconics - the Basques - today take these four names differently, which we try to explain for gold and silver by the lapse of time.A dictionary Basque-Latin BL is considerably shorter, obvious loans like bista ← ≡ vista omitted,
| whose are the Krauts? only collectivelyetymologies sre strong but those with ☀☀☀ or ❗ are suffient to be more than coincidence the wind rose❋ hits the etymological aim [KS] better than all trials sofar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main Theorem | Which of the the two directions ↔ of a word into another language is the historical original one a priori is not clear, although there are many examples for that, for instance for the German loan - and foreign words from Latin. Many German +stadt-names have Roman traditions in the early Frankonian empire - but not all of them. North German +stedt-names may have an older origin ? From the dictionary BD we see that +esch+names are of *Vasconic origin. But then the question for the relationship Basque-Italic is natural, which at the moment cannot be solved satisfactorily. The simplest solution would be a rule
| is the diretion of a language takeover really unambiguous❓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 🔬 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Generalisation of Indo-Germanistics | and we can clarify the problem with one of our leading etymologies, which is known to all languages:
• Assuming the original language in the east of Anatolia has been *Vasconic, we get that Greek ommo ← ámathos [ KS Sand ] of Pelasgian origin, i.e. having arrived with the first *Vasconic-speaking people from the east. More general many more words may have entered Greak that way - some of them being assumed as proto-Indo-European. • Assuming that over the intervening millenia up to the split of proto-Indo-European from proto-Semitics there occured a reversal of syllables we get the prototype ar+ond . In Semitic the syllables doubled to r+ond+ar , which with nd → b, r → l ultimately became today's raml, rambla . • Assuming the urnfield-culture to cross the Alps into Italy we get today's b in the languages of Latin origin without the shortcut via Greek. • Germanic kept the original d because of the ongoing impact of the *Vasconic substrat.
A nice example is given by the term Kiez from Berlin and Hamburg, sofar unexplained [KS], but with the Semiti(di)c etymology kas i i f ≡ idle (person) [ Qaf p 501 ] and also kašš ≡ staying away [ p 502 ] plus qaṣā ᦱ ≡ to drive away, be far removed, remoteness [ WrC p 770 ]. Morphologically close are lazy, miserable, bad, seeking refuge [ p 501 ]: What sofar was attributed there to Slavic people, has taken place some millennia earlier - the banishment of an aboriginal population from their original homeland. Likewise k i naz ≡ to amass money [Qaf p 508] explains the sofar unexplained German knauser n [KS] and this also illuminates the super-substrat-relation of two population groups. A further - sofar unexplainable [KS] - word is waas i ᒼ ≡ wide [Qaf p 628], meaning far or broad which we derive in turn from Basque zabal, another derivation being possible, but unlikely - given that Basque urrut i ≡ far also is contained in the mountain names Ararat and Reiat ( at the Swiss border ).
nammmmmund the kinship, nammmmmund the original homeland nammmmmand the subsequent migrations in the ice-cold case prehistory - instead like Indo-Germanistics looking into details - looking with T. Vennemann's two steps towards nostratics in a more general direction. If one could define an etymological distance, the piled up triangels wouldn't be equilateral, and one could deduct conclusions from a continuous piling up. Example: dunkel ≡ dark demonstrates that the stronger Semitic influence on English, resp. the stronger influence of *Vasconic onto German tears apart these two offsprings of Old Saxon. Hence we have to adjust the above Basque-German dictionary, or more general a complete dictionary like [ Lha ], with Brunner's list [ Bru ] of sounds, syllables and roots, which we generalise to whole words, and perhaps whole sentences, idioms and - as Vennemann does - with grammar. However, we have to exclude that those are wanderwords, i.e. words which were handed over by small groups of specialists to neighboring tribes – for instance the scythe-sicle-complex, whereas branch, leave and here are no wanderwords, these words entered Germanic only lately via Romance, and not already from Proto-Italic north of the Alps – misleading example being captain. This leads to the distinction:
If it occurs only in Germanic, we can take this as clue for the early Semit(id)ic wandering of the Megalithicians into Northern Europe.
Presumably in such ideas there plays a special role that
many words occur only in the western Indo-European languages - frequently in [ KS ] - especially not in the Slavic or Baltic languages,
and that
non-Indo-European words occur isolated in Germanic – examples being hay and here,some Semit(id)ic words already can be found in Akkadian or Assyrian on cuneiform tablets – example sheep – or even earlier in Sumerian.
First conclusions from the - not yet representative - table *VGS
there are more reflections ⇄ (left hand) from Basque to Indo-European than (right hand) from Semitic; since ⇄ affect the structure of a language more than sound shifts ↔ say ⭮ / ⭯, Basque is more distant from Indo-European than from Semitic - which contradicts the assumption that Basque is Indo-European, an assumption which for sure can be traced back to the many easy to identify loans;wherefrom the split *Vasconic from Indo-European must have happened before that one of Semitic from Indo-European – the dictionary of Lhande S.J. gives numerous example of the well-known originality [ Orb ] of Basque. M. Morvan [ Mor ] notes a further originality - there are no double consonants, except two words are merged into one. Why that table in [Lha] explains convincingly - it does exactly merge simple notions.
This state of the Basque language is such ethnic that it may have survived the neolithic revolution from earlier.
The expansion of the *Vasconic Bandkeramik people all over Europe let this state arrive in the remote Basque country, where it - hardly - survived. Im the urban space in eastern Anatolia, which we take for the original homeland also of Indo-Europeans and Semitics, the development of the language led to choke on many vocals. Especially a vocal is choked on, if three consonants are separated by two vocals.Clearly this leads to a loss of the original meaning ❗ Dealing with the lost vocals is common to both language groups - in Indo-European doubleconsonants are frequemt, in Semitic vocals even are supressed by short signs, not being spoken any longer.
Here we have to think of a third, very early - pre-Germanic - sound shift ❗
the rules of which still have to be developed using Orbea and Morvan.
That in Basque there are the same words for lake and sea even votes for that The listing 🜼 in Lha gives some insight into the unfolding of prehistory:the Ur*Vasconics lived in the east of Anatolia − Lake Van and Lake Urmia are no sweet water lakes − close to the 80 mothercows, from which all cattle of the world originates. And meanwhile DNA-analysis proves that domesticated sheep also have their origin in southeastern Anatolia❗
✱ This wearily etymology leads to the supposition of a peaceful emigration of the early *Vasconic bandkeramic people from Eastern Anatolia, who encountered a thin population of hunters and gatherers - survivers of mammoth hunters from before the Ice Age at the edge of the glaciation. Likewise this etymology of brown leads to the Southern German special kind of plum Zwetschge ≡ damson , the etymology of which points to Damascus, i.e. the Fertile Crescent.This view is underpinned by the peaceful character of the Volcae north of the Alps, whom we assume to be surviving *Vasconics in the Hercynian forests, being no thread for the Romans. In contrast the Pelasgian *Vasconics in Athens only were able to defend themselves against the invading Indo-European Acheans and later against the Dorians of Sparta by slowly developing a high culture - their language was replaced by that one of the populous Indo-Europeans and only added some isolated words to modern Hellenic. The more we can extend this dictionary *VGS, the more we understand the ice-cold case prehistory❗ | Vennemann's two steps in the nostratic direction give rise to a loupe into prehistory | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Fine Dating of Prehistory | On all four compnents of a Müller-Hirt-diagram there is an easy to understand time order relation, which at least makes before / after available, but for the component lamguage is rather rough and for the component sagas even more so. For the other two components science increasingly progresses. Clearly the aim is to give year dates, as precisely as for instance the year 1066 for the battle of Hastings, 499 for Hengist and Horsa going on board in Hollingstedt on river Treene or 9 aChr for the clades variana. It probably is no longer possible to determine this program of migrations of *Vasconic, Semitic and Indo-European people in detail. Here not only dates matter, but also the velocity of these migrations. ⌛ Two examples are dates given by [Ca l ] : 4750 bChr the island of Oronsay at the Scottish westcoast was resettled after a break of 500 years, and around 4250 bChr there was a sudden explosion of population in Mecklenburg [ZHW] - both we attribute to the arrival of the Semiti(di)c megalith-culture. ⌛ Further datings describe the early massacres in Europe, which we connect to the invasion of the Indo-Europeaans and which date into the era of the their first arrival to the final total merging of the three populations. ⌛ A further example of dating is given by the erosion of rocks [ Abe ]: 8000 bis 6000 bChr are the dates for the first and before 3000 bChr for later megalithic structures in Malta - which we take for one of the starting points for the prehistoric Semitic shipping into the north of Europe. This bodes excellently to our assumptions. This science-based way of dating likely will be refined considerably in future. | by the quarter becomes more exactly because of advances in science | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Script 🔡and🔢 Numbers | Writing is a part of language, if it is defined phonetically ( how we say it ), which is the case for letter-writing and syllabary. Script of hieroglyphics are different, what we say rather is part of tradition / Überlieferung - it is independent of the language, for instance the sign language of gestures and facial expressions of mute or deaf people should be universally the same ( without unnecessary dialects ). It has been guessed, that the other species of man, i.e. Neandertaler, Homo Denisova, etc. mainly communicated by gestures, facial expressions and short sounds. Writing has been invented first by hieroglyphics, then syllables and finally letters. At this transition there should have been some constants, especially the first letters of the alphabet. Numerals up to 12 and calculating with fingers and hands became absolutely necessary for the neolithic revolution, i.e. for the domestication of horse and cow, but also for the transition to agriculture. The beginning of writing and the first hieroglyphics, which became the first letters of the alphabet, could have been developed already before the last Ice Age. Their arraying in the alphabet should loosely correspond to their arraying of invention. The first sign of the alphabet ℵ = aleph ↔ α should mean artifical cave in front of naturali cave . Only later it became the sign for house. This also would explain the similarity of Basque harri = stone, ha(rka)i tz = rock, hartz = bear with Semitic q+r+t = town plus Indo-European hard and artz = bear only in terms of the well-known Indo-European migrations. 7 and 6 are in most languages nearly identical and also the number 2, which probably later got attributed to the second letter of the alphabet. Since it is upright and rounded but not symmetric, it should have a meaning, say the next important experience of mankind still living in caves. Some numbers are supposed to be related to hand and fingers, but this remains to prove. The well-known similarity of the numbers 6 and 7 in many languages can be extended to the first eight numbers - but not to numbers from 8 on - like
Counting and calculating beyond 20, the three language groups go on differently. Calculating therefore should have been invented later than the last Ice Age and the neolithic revolution, in order to explain that Basque is vigitesimal but Indo-European is decimal ( only with rests of vigitesimality [ Ven ] ), against what the most reasonable basis for generating larger numbers is the basis 12. Higher numbers then are different for the language groups in question. Indo-European 100 refers to the mass confrontation of wild packs of dogs: hund+red ↔ hound Germanic, cent ↔ canis Latin, satem ↔ sapaka Russian and in Bengali 100 000 ≡ laxa ( salmon being a schooling fish ). Which in turn coincides with Arabic lakk ≡ 100000 [ WrC p 876 ] - Sumerian? Numbers hence get their meaning from the daily environment, even if this no longer is easy to detect. Aside of some few small ones we can use them for the reconstruction of the genesis of language groups.
The example 100 is a further direct geographical indication for an origin in the Near East of all three language groups, comparable to our derivation of the color brown❗ | since writing only dates back few generations it should not be a separate component | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Applying Müller-Hirt Diagrams: The Semitic Heritage of the Megalith-Culture | At this state of the theory one should look for a Semitic etymology of the capital Noatun of the Vanir - at the sea.
Strikingly [ Ven p 374 ] Nehton ~ Nechtan seems to be a men's name sounding as from the Pictish list of kings like suspisiously as Neptun, the god of the sea - according to Platon the founder of the kingdom of Atlantis - and whom the Italics tranported from the north - the neighborhood of the Megalithicians - to Italy. Let us sum up the non-language aspects which bode well for Vennemann*sIn this name the challenge is the final syllable, which in Semitic and in Basque can be understood as +dun ≡ +having. It also is part of many Celtic +dunum-place names and in Germanic it means Zaun ≡ fence ( but not in other Indo-European languages ). The first part of this name is decisive as well, sounding suspiciously like Noah, the biblical survivor of the flood. This can be a personal name, a title or the name of a god. Given that, Semiti(di)c Noah's fortification takes the lead among all etymologies of the capital of the Vanir. If it is a title it could be the title of the prince of Gristhorpe [ MM& ] of the eastern coast of the English north. Geographically one can associate Noatun with the old capital Naoned of Brittany Nantes - a suitable place for a first capital on the way north of the Megalithicians - which only later may have been replaced by Wanaheim. In addition the French city of Niort - somewhat inland but connected with the open sea by a waterway - sounds like being the residence of Njörd. To sound Celtic this place name later only had to be shifted slightly. Semit (id) ics = Megalithicians = Atlanticians ( = seafarer )
As a (striking) further anchor for Vennemann's Semitic etymologies take schmeiß+, schmett+, schmied+ [V04] from Arabic fighting ≡ ṣmd ⭯ schmettern / smash , which in Ugarit has been the name of a sword-like weapon. | if etymology makes sense at all, Vennemann's derivation of the diagram Eire — Britannien Ӏ Ӏ Gard — Volk has to be taken into account – in Semitic superstrat y+wrem — pretan Ӏ Ӏ q r t — p l h / p l g meaning Insel-Kupfer — Zinn Ӏ Ӏ +gard — Teil / spalten – a Semitic infix into Germanic is to be expected | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Semitic-Germanic Dictionary | A Semitic-Germanic dictionary, to prove Vennemann's equalisation, hits considerably more difficulties as the above Basque-Germanic one. Because - apart from wanderwords being transferred by trading, say along the amber routes or by shipping metal around Western Europe - there are four periods, in which classes of words - here from the south to the north - can have traveled with peoples: At the time and route of the
| with a growing number of entries – adding substantially to those of Davis, Morris Jones, Pokorny and Vennemann a consise theory and history of 🎁 Christmas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Silesian ▅ ▅ Etymologies | Silesia gives a nice example for such an etymological diagram. This province - today situated in three different countries - for sure was a center of the Lausitz-culture, the main location being Breslau with its Dom-island, the river banks and adjacent hills. This resembles Paris: When Chlodwig / Clovis united the Franks, he transfered his capital from Doornijk to Paris. Not only because the Romanized Celts to the south of river Seine there were easier to deal with than the Flemings in the north but also because this sites comparably easier to defend situation on both sides of this river. Thus Breslau must have been settled as early as there were the first settlements ever in this area. Udolph [ U95 ] convincingly has shown that the name Silesia can be traced back to the Silingians, i.e. Vandals, which has no Indo-European etymology and especially none for its root s i l . This means it must be older than the Lausitz- or urnfield-culture. Following Vennemann [Ven] this root is in Europe often a part of the old-European hydronomy of Basque ← *Vasconic descendence from the era before the Indo-European arrival. We add two more lakes to his list of s i l-names - lake S i l jan in northern Sweden and lake Sa i maa in Finland. The sense of this root is obvious - Basque shimmering. Hence the name of a name-giving river is the shimmering one. We doubt that this is the name of a small river from the S i l i ng = Zobten or of river Lohe further to the south; this is a byname for a - sometimes - torrent, say river Oder itself. Look at that river shimmering in the sun near the village Garz. Smaller rivers do not look like this and do not pass their names to a whole area. Only later, during the beginning era of metals, this evolved to the name of silver, but not in Basque z i l har [ Ven p 346 ], overtaking argentum ≡ silver from Indo-European ar j u ≡ shimmering. Whence we draw a bead on river Oder , Slavic Odra. Like the river name Tollense went from the north to Pannonia as Tollenses, and the place names Tharant, Ortrand to southern Italy as Taranto, Otranto ( also Torgelow / Torgau → Tergolape in Noricum, Opitergium and Tergeste in Venetia, Tergilani in Lucania, in the heel of the Italian boot but Brindisi missing, say Bromberg → Brund → Brind ?), this river name came to Venetia as Adria - by the emigration of the Venetians of the Lausitz-culture to the south. Interpretating outgoing a as *Vasconic outgoing article, the infix / root odr ↔ adr remains, which in Basque is utork i ≡ spring or else i turr i ≡ fountain [ Ven p 217, p 180 ] - a water body. However, here we also may argue - more likely - from a pure Indo-European point of view, because Oder is a common Indo-European expression for water, which slowly replaced the Basque term and should have participated in the crossing of the Alps. Like in the case of the ( 300? years later ) Italics, the emigration of the Venetians towards Apuglia ( parallel, along Oder and March instead of den Rhein ) left behind a broad corridor of place- and tribes-names, extending from Vineta on the Baltic till Otranto. And - does this name originatein Vendel in northern Jutelands, where it may derive from the Semitic language of the Megalithicians? If so the emigration of the Vandals towards Silesia has had a much older forerunner. Further names fit in excellently into this picture: The name of Schrimm on an island of river Warthe south of Posen has been found in Apuglia. Hyria ⭯ Oria has been the first city of the Japygians there. It is seperated from Taranto by a coastal range. Tharandt also is situateed at the foot of the Hercy nian Woods, the name of which hence is contained in Oria. The Messapians can be taken as a folk inmidth of the sea, wherein Indo-European med became Greek mes. So +apa traveled south - but with the challenge that those are typical for the area of the Northwestblock far in the north. So we have to assume that these suffixes were cancelled in Slavic and only survived in Baltic as +upe-names ( frequent in Lithuania ). Actually we should expect in Southern Italy +aqua instead. The identification of the Purushtu on the sea-people stele of Egypt with the Prussians, which only at first was looking far-fetched, now is simple: This Westprussian tribe left the country together with the Lausitz-Culture Venetians southwards. Hence the name of the Prussians is not of Baltic origin but is a proper name for the eastern Brieger. Neisse - Slavic Nysa with the meaning low, depressed - which also may come from a Wandalian language, is the next candidate in the central area of the Lausitz-culture: n+i z+a is in the last two entries easily to identify with Basque water + the. However, initial n is not as easy to reckognise, being possibly a shortened attribute hand i + i z + a ≡ large + river + the, but then being often suffix instead of prefix i z + hand i + a i.e. river + large + the. The same holds for n i rn i r ≡ glittering. Besides, knowing river Oder this attribute should no be associated to the smaller river Neisse - by no means denoting a river as shallow, flat, which used to be flooded on a regular basis. mendi ≡ mountain, hill is a better fit since this river comes from nearby mountains, and is a substantive. Hence we translate n+iz+a as mountain + river + the. For this Latin mont ≡ mountain ought to be a Basque loan into Italic and Celtic and not vice versa - but then with the challenge, that mati ≡ mountain is Avestian as well - situated not at all close by. However, T. Vennemann, with a similar etymology for Munic [ Ven p 132 ], came in for fierce criticism. At any rate the name of river Neisse is pre-Indo-European - river names do not date back 1500 but 5500 years. Udolph [ U95 ] infact considers an Indo-European origin, but since this name also can be found in Scandinavia, the British Isles, Spain and Italy, it would have traveled thereto after (1200) bChr - contradicting the high age of the names of waterbodies. The name of river Nietze [ D&F p 28 ] is even somewhat closer to its *Vasconic origin - and even closer is Ücker, oker ≡ curved. These names are part of a set of more than 80 toponyms between Elbe and Oder, which today are assumed pre-Slavic [D&F p 23]. What holds for the names of watercourses must not necessarily hold for place names, i.e. we even may derive place names from Indo-European Venetic. To start with a derivation of a personal from a place name is more likely than the converse - except there would be an explicit record. For such a central location as Breslau a derivation from a people's name is more likely than one from a person xy - taken for granted in too many cases erroneously. The German suffix +lau comes from Slavic slava ≡ glory and Bres+ simply is the name of the Brieger, only being made sounding Slavic ( like in Brieg ). Glory of the Brieger also is more self-evident than glory of some xy and even may be an appropriate name for a capital. Therefore we dare to explain the hitherto unexplained meaning of Lerge for a Breslauer: Since the Venetians and some 100 years later the Brieger emigrated across the Alps into Italy, the first bet is Latin for the language of origin, and herein largo ≡ large. Hence a Lerge is a - often assumed to be somewhat boastfully - city slicker. Thus the saying that every true Berliner comes from Breslau, would have been valid some thousend years earlier - but conversely, since Berlin then at most has been a far-off outpost of the northern Megalithicians. Is therefore English large a relict of Latin, which even may have come into English much later with the Normans? There are more hints for the identification of initial n as a rest of *Vasconic mend i ≡ mountain: Since this not only explains Neisse but also Navarra ⭮ mend i+i bar+a = mountain+floodplain+the - doubtless, because the Ebro ⭮ i bar flows from Navarrra. These and the following derivations fit well into the geographical picture, like that one of Biarritz - which [Tra] dislikes ( but the coast in Biarritz is a famous picture ).
Nebra may be included in Vennemann's lists: Nebra ⭮ mend i + i bar + a = mountain + floodplain + the. However, the sky disk should be named by the Kaiserpfalz Memleben, which is closer than this town to its place of burial. Somewhat more to the east Görlitz ( from gandor+i tz ) has an analog in the province of Biskaya, the village Gor l+i z.Upriver Neisse we find Zittau ( already out of Silesia ) inmidst the Hercynian Forests at the mouth of river Mand+au into river Neisse. This river name is a nice example for Basque mend i ≡ mountain. The area of this relatively broad river mouth before water works has been an watery area of ponds, branches and wetlands or even a large lake. This town - anciently being prosperous - is situated somewhat higher, but still is in danger of annual floodings. Wysiwyg - at the first settlement near Zittau there should have existed a kind of shallow water world. Whence it is tempting not to derive this name from the Slavs who settled down here at the earliest in the 5th, more likely in the 6th century, but from the 4000 years earlier *Vasconic z i tory+a ≡ water l i ly + the.Likewise straightforward one can understand the odd name of the mountain Oybin - at the southern end of a forest track along a gorge with forests on both sides. Wysiwyg we get
Bessarabia a parallel name formation - commutative diagrams and cross-linked etymologies increase their likeliness. Hart au is located somewhat to the north - southwest thereof Hain amidst a forest and to the north thereof the Jons+ ≡ master+ mountain.A wysiwyg-etymology also is possible for the right-hand tributary of river Mandau: The river Lausur flows through a plain, Basque lautada ≡ plain plus ur ≡ water, in Czech +ur being replaced simply by +i t za. The whole area is difficult to capture as later the Hussites found out about.Whence the Laus+itz is a plain + water in contrast to the southern Hercynian mountains. And this in turn leads to
Trar + bach on river Mosel. Nearby Harta clearly is a hartz-name.Greitz in the Vogtland, like Görl+itz and Gößn+itz derived from gandor+itz ( and hence also every (+)Gr∧(t)z-name ), lies below a ridge. Zeul + en + roda only can ge derived more untypically than Ger+a and Goth + a from gora ( ≡ on top ) - after all still today it is called city on the height. Around Greitz we find Cosh + ütz, Gomml+, Cuns+, Coss + en+ and in an obviously cleared ground surface Hain. Jena would then be the place of a local leader ship, the Jen+zig mountain corresponding to the Jaun-mountains everywhere in the German-speaking areas. A hint for - older - *Vasconic instead of Slavic etymologies is the uniformity of Thuringian place names - its western part Slavs never did arrive at. This likewise holds to the south in Franconia, where non-Indo-European place names occur even beyond the western frontier of later Slavic settlement.In Saxony Zeitz, first mentioned as C i s i, is situated in an open, unprotected plain. Basque zez i o ≡ quarrel, negociation [ AW p 395 ] implies a local leadership, negotiating with the Indo-Europeans, invading from the east - or fought and lost.The little river I bra in the Hessian Knüll prolongs this line of *Vasconic place names to the west.From there southwestwards we find Fritz+lar with the correspondence Fru i z in Biscaya.
That *i z = water [ Ven p 347 ] fits, is convincingly shown by looking at the words i ts+alde, i tsa + sturu, i z + otz, i tsas + katu, i tsas + gora, i tsas + behera = Ufer, Seemann, Eis, Wels, Hochwasser, Niedrigwasser Brieg as an example of a typical name of the Lausitz culture already was given in [ T i l ]. Vandals, especially their history in Silesia, are described by Ernst Schwarz [ Sch ]. | in the diagram Silesia — Breslau Ӏ Ӏ Oder — Brieg Ӏ Neisse - .......... there are on the left *Vasconic, the right *Venetian names | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anthropology | 🧬Anthropology - after 1945 unpopuler, partly justified, if reading Hirt [ H i r ] and his ununderstandable classification of races - gives at the moment the most exciting results. Concepts like species, subspecies and race are not in the center of a Müller-Hirt-diagram, but in the left, anthropological component and will be redefined by genetics, or replaced by better ones. For genetics is not far beyond its starting point - computing is going to accelerate its prograss. Some of its stunning results from after 2010 are 🧬 Homo Sapiens Sapiens and Homo Neandertalensis did interbreed - a little, sharing less than 4% of their genes, 🧬 Homo Denisova is an own hominid species, 🧬 Gypsy come from India, which from a language point of view already was known, 🧬 Gypsy from the Balkans included foreign women, those of Spain did not, 🧬 Borneo- und Sumatra-orang utans are already different species, 🧬 Hominids are genetically closer to gorillas than to chimpanzees and Bonobos, 🧬 todays domesticated cattle descends of only 80 mother cows in eastern Anatolia, 🧬 the DNA of a of 3500 year old skeleton of a woman from Gotland is of Levant origin [ Ba l ], 🧬 Homo Floresiensis i s a special species of mankind ( a long time doubted, meanwhile proven ). In a cave in the western Harz mountains skeletons of a whole family were discovered, relicts of a pre-historic drama - extensive conclusions hence now are available! Hence there is the realistic hope that in the year 2025+ all great wanderings of pre- and early history are elucidated ❗ Anthropology loves to draw genealogic trees - every new fossil leads to a sometimes radical new interpretation of the hominid tree. Usually it rises from the bottom with Ramapithekus and ends at the top at Homo Sapiens Sapiens, Homo Neandertalensis, now also Homo Denisova and Homo Floresiensis and undoubtedly some more alternatives. Such a genealogical tree saves much text and makes anthropology easy to understand! Hence completion ( with a vertical time axis upwards, all eras bChr ) till the appearance of written records makes sense, which in [ Cla Kap 1.5 ] ( here the top row ) is given convincingly ( to explain the factor ½ we add herein two arrows from the Megalithicians and the Volcae to the Germanics ):
where Bell Beaker people and Megalithicians for sure have to placed in the lowest row, Iberians und Ligurians perhaps one row above. This gives the strongest proof for the pre-Indo-European derivation of the European hydronomy. Assumption - it were Indo-European. Since we know for sure that it is pre-single linguistic, because being to less differentiated, hence being neither typical Celtic, nor Italic, nor Germanic, nor Slavic, it should be proto-Indo-European. Because of the huge area - from the Iberian peninsula to the Ural mountains, from the British Isles till Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily - there results a contradiction - we have to exclude that in this area Proto-Indo-European remained in use without splitting for a long time. Whence the assumption is wrong - the hydronomy cannot be Indo-European ( the corresponding tautology given by [ Wüs ] ). Hence if is pre-Indo-European, by the same argumentation it cannot be ur-*Vasconic - it must have come into being after the *Vasconics already have split, and not too long after, i.e. it is single linguistically -*Vasconic. As we show here this also holds for the hilly areas in the middle of Europe - the names of these ranges and mountains. Tentatively we date that to (8000)±1000 years ago, i.e. before the coming in of the megalithic culture into north-western Europe. | there are numerous new results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kinsfolk of Peoples | After asserting the four components of a Müller-Hirt-diagram, one can try to define kinsfolk of the peoples as equivalence relation on the set of all peoples ( as isomorphy of their Müller-Hirt-diagrams ): For this one has to define kinsfolk in all four components. For 🧱 archeology it means equality or similarity of (archeological) cultures, 🐉 tradition (Überlieferung) one can define akin or isomorpic the non-trivial intersection of sagas, customs ( dresses, music, dances, games, festivities, rituals, ... ) and also astronomy ( if more than simply watching the cycle of sun, moon and stars ), where concepts like world ash tree, universal flood, fire, water, earth, light are to be considered as trivial, non-trivial, however, arguments like that one of Scott Littleton [ ScL ] ( especially his tables ), plus for instance the Basque-German shared practice, that a new owner - if the old owner has died - of a bee colony has to introduce himself in front of the bee skeps [ Eld p 54 ] ( he has three more shared Basque-German customs ), 🔊 language this is the linguistic notion kinsfolk, which convincingly is clarified by 200 years of research: Two languages are cognate, if they can be derived from a - even hypothetical, which we denote by a * - proto-language, or - less - if they in fact are overlayed by another language, but still contain sufficient many shared dialect expressions or names, i.e. sufficient many expressions can be derived from the same root, 🧬 anthropology one can overtake any result on skeleton-indices, blood group allocations and DNA-developments, which are coming in in multitude. Hence two peoples can be looked at as akin, if all four components of their Müller-Hirt-diagrams have non-trivial entries. | only if there are entries in all four components of a Müller-Hirt-diagram, the question of kinsfolk can be finally decided | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The First Germanic and the Second German Sound Shift | Given three peoples - here the *Vasconic bandkeramic people as subtrat, the northern part of the urnfield culture and the northern megalithic superstrat - are merging, we expect for the resulting hybrid language - besides the above ⭕-mythology and traditions - that
⭕ two - here *Vasconic and megalithic - of the three languages contribute substantially, but the third - here the northern dialect of the Indo-European urnfield-culture - contributes the bulk, ⭕ this hybrid language is subject to creolisation, in fact two ones - which, however, may be very different and may strongly influence each other. ⭕ the hybrid language has two sound shifts 👄 the first Germanic and 👄 the second Ger- man one - to which we add a considerably earlier 👄 third Indo-European–Semitic one. For this third sound shift the work of L. Brunner and M. Morvan can be taken for introduction. The second step also demands special investigation ! First of all we exclude that
traveling traders, returning mercenary soldiers, after defeats remigrating parts of peoples, and remigrants to prevent assimilation in a foreign environment, contribute to the language coming into being more than loanwords for cultural items which are unknown to the locals. However, this point of view still is controversal. We follow here Theo Vennemann's numerous etymologies, especially his diagram [ V&N Übersicht 2 p 23 ].
Addendum: Are there in the German sprachgefühl still traces of the dichotomy superstrat - substrat, meaning that megalithic words are felt as being nicely „Germanic" and „literarily", but words of *Vasconic origin as being substrat „mean" ? | the first. Germanic sound shift is generated by the megalithic superstrat at the waterkant, the second, German by the *Vasconic substrat of the mountainous regions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic Points of Prehistory | Something, which the Comparative Linguistic of the 19th and 20th century only could dream of, now is within reach: New archeological discoverings and new archeometric and genetic developments deliver basic points of pre- and early history, into which etymological interpretations and historical theories have to be fixed in, like this here is tried in four articles - the first one being [ Ti l ]. This problem is discussed in detail in [ Er h ]. Hopefully the large gap between the Ice Age and the *Vasconics in the genealogical tree can be filled in more precisely. For instance Bell Beaker-, Circular Ditch-, Pile Dwelling- and Michelsberg-culture probably are not connected to *Vasconics, and the glacier man from the Similaun could have been a Ligurian tradesman from Sardinia, trying to cross the Alps. Some peoples are not our subject, like Ligurians living from river Lech north of the Alps down to Sardinia, Iberians living exclusively on the Iberian peninsula. We have no idea on their languages. But we look at the Tartessians in Southern Spain as being early Semitic. Pre-Indo-European Southern Italy has to be attributed to the Messapians, who, however, sometimes are identified with the Japygians. Both names are Indo-European, in the case of the Messapians hence mistaken. In Greece we should likewise call those pre-Indo-Europeans Pelasgian, basically in Athens, to whom we attach at least a large *Vasconic ruling class. If for instance it turns out, that after all the Mycenians were no Indo-Europeans, we had to assume, that in Mycene a small Indo-European ruling class - the Achaens - reigned a more or less populous pre-Indo-European substrat. For Basque as a pre-Indo-European substrat and as a rest language in central Europe we have to assume, that after the coming in of the Indo-Europeans this population was integrated in various ways - in the Germanic region considerably, in the Celtic and Italic regions less and not peacefully, even brutally. South of the Cevennes, southwest of the Italics and south of the Celts Basque speaking tribes withstood Indo-Europeanisation the longest - until finally due to the Romans the Aquintanians fell victim to a language change, but were able to sustain most of their originalities as Gasconians. Safeguarded in the Pyrenees they kept their language relatively pure with only some influence by Latin. Which, however, changed in the modern era, the Basque language being saved in the very last moment. | the net is tightening | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| before 2 000 bC | l i t e r a t u re mmmmmn | top / start | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||